Earthquake Resistant Design of Steel Structures

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures
IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG

1
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF
STEEL STRUCTURES
2
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
Introduction

Design philosophy and Methodology

Seismic Analysis and Design Verification

Seismic Behaviour of Steel Structures

Capacity Design

Special Devices and Systems
3
4
INTRODUCTION
Causes of earthquakes theory of plate
tectonics
Characteristics of earthquakes

Uncertain in terms of amplitude, duration and
frequency content
Lateral (multi-component)
Cyclic and induce reversal of stresses
Dynamic

5
DESIGN PHILOSOPHY AND METHODOLOGY
Design tied to probability of occurrence
Dual Strategy
To ensure elastic behaviour under a moderate
earthquake
To prevent collapse and loss of life under a severe
earthquake
Earthquake resistant properties
Elastic range yield strength and stiffness
Inelastic range- ductility and energy dissipation capacity
Capacity Design ensures a preferred collapse
mechanism
Drift Limitations

6
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT PROPERTIES
Ductility allows large plastic deformations
without loss of strength

Hysteretic Energy dissipation capacity allows
dissipation of energy with minimum damage

Low-cycle fatigue
7
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT PROPERTIES - 1
Earthquake Resistant Properties (a) ductile and non-ductile behaviour
(b) poor energy dissipation capacity (c) good energy dissipation capacity
H
H
H
o o
o
ductile
non-
ductile
(b) (c)
(a)
8
Irregular Structures
(a)Un-symmetric
Plan
(b)Reentrant
Corners
(c )Soft Story

(d)Plaza Type
Buildings
DESIGN AT THE PLANNING STAGE
Simplicity is the key to avoid unforeseen effects

Regular and Irregular structures
9
SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN VERIFICATION
Design for gravity loads and check for moderate
and severe earthquakes

Factors influencing EQ resistant design

geographical location
site soil and foundation
importance of structure
dynamic characteristics
10
SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN VERIFICATION - 1
Elastic Response Analysis

Seismic coefficient Method
Response Spectrum Method
Time-history analysis

Inelastic Response Analysis

Inelastic Response Spectra
Inelastic Time-history analysis
Damage Evaluation and Damage Spectra
11

SEISMIC COEFFICIENT METHOD
Simplest method applicable to symmetric and
regular structures

Seismic load idealized as a system of equivalent
static loads and

Elastic analysis is performed to ensure stresses
are within limits

Sum of the forces is equal to seismic coeff. times
total weight
12

SEISMIC COEFFICIENT METHOD - 1
Disadvantages/Limitations

Gives conservative results

Ignores higher modes

Cannot accommodate irregularities

Applicable only to moderate earthquakes

Requires safeguards against severe earthquakes
13
SEISMIC COEFFICIENT METHOD - 2
o h
I o | o =
W KC V
h B
o =
W KC V
h B
o =
=
=
n
i
i i
i i
B i
h W
h W
V Q
1
2
2
o
h
= design horizontal seismic coeff.
| = soil-foundation factor
o
o
= basic horizontal seismic coeff.
Base Shear
K = performance factor
C = accounts for natural period T
W = total of DL + approp. %LL
Storey Force
Q
i
= Force at top of storey i
W
i
= Floor Load of storey i
h
i
= height of floor I from the base
14
RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD
Response Spectrum is a plot of maximum
response of SDOF systems as a function of their
natural period T

MDOFs analyzed by Modal Spectral Analysis

Mode shapes are calculated, their max.response
determined and combined by a suitable
superposition
15
RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD - 1
Developing the Design Response Spectrum
T
T
S
a

SEDRS
S
a

16
TIME-HISTORY ANALYSIS METHOD
t

g
Earthquake Accelerogram
Response of the Structure
17
INELASTIC RESPONSE ANALYSIS
To take advantage of ductility and ensure safety
under severe earthquake

Inelastic Response Spectrum plot of maximum
inelastic response versus time period

Also specified as a Force-Reduction - Factor
spectrum (q-factor) for an assumed force -
deformation relationship.

FRF = ordinate of the ERS / ordinate of the IDRS
18
INELASTIC RESPONSE ANALYSIS - 1
For MDOFs, modal spectral analysis is not valid
in the inelastic range

Also it is difficult to calculate the FRF since it
depends on

local ductility of critical sections
amount of redistribution of forces possible
type of collapse mechanism developed
characteristics of the earthquake accelerogram

Therefore codes give a factor called the
behavioural factor or the q-factor

19
EDRS
IDRS
Inelastic Design Response Spectrum
T
o
S
a

F
e

F
y

o
y
o
u
o
ye

O
A
B
C
F
e
=mS
ae

FRF =F
e
/F
y

S
ae

S
ai

sec) 6 . 0 ( structures period long for
sec) 6 . 0 (0.1 structures period medium for 1 2
sec) 1 . 0 ( structures period short for 1
> =
s s =
< =
T FRF
T FRF
T FRF

INELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRUM - 2
20
INELASTIC TIME-HISTORY ANALYSIS
Basic for plotting the inelastic response spectrum

Requires an accurate hysteretic model

Also provides information on the number and
magnitude of inelastic excursions and the residual
displacement.

Evolutionary-degrading models

Pseudodynamic tests
21
o o o
f
y
f
y
f
y

f
f
f
(a) EPP model (b) EPH model (c) Slip model
Hysteretic models
INELASTIC TIME-HISTORY ANALYSIS - 1
22
DAMAGE EVALUATION AND
DAMAGE SPECTRA
Damage Index is used to evaluate and compare
the inelastic responses
It is normalized to attain a value of unity at an
assumed collapse point
Damage sustained depends on
maximum deformation
low-cycle fatigue
distribution of cycles
order of cycles
structural and loading parameters
23
y u
y
D
o o
o o
=
max
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
N
i
c
y u
y i
D
1
o o
o o
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
N
i
c
y u y
i
c
y u
y
f
E
D
1
max
) (
) 1 (
o o
|
o o
o o
|
Ductility Damage Index
Low-cycle Fatigue Index
Comprehensive Damage Index
Damage Spectra
DAMAGE INDEX
24
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF
STEEL STRUCTURES
Seismic Behaviour of Structural Steel
Ductile, equally strong in compression and tension
Mild versus high strength steel
Produced with high quality control.
Aids in Capacity Design
Yield ratio = expected yield strength/specified
min. yield strength
Welding subjected to fatigue
Robustness of Steel Structures
25
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF BRACING MEMBERS
Hysteretic behaviour of a slender brace
P
(comp.)
2
0 -1 -2 2 3 4 1 -3 -4 -5
-2
-1
0
1
5
P
(ten.)
o
buckling
o
P Bracings used either for
lateral strength or for
lateral stiffness

used in pairs

slenderness limited to a
value such that C = T/2

solid cross-sections preferred
26
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF BEAM-COLUMNS
Seismic Behaviour of I-sections
Hysteretic behaviour of an I-section
M/M
y

|/|
y

27
Seismic Behaviour of Rectangular Hollow Sections (RHS)
M/M
y

|/|
y

Hysteretic behaviour of rectangular hollow section
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF BEAM-COLUMNS-1
28
Seismic Behaviour of Circular Hollow Sections (CHS)
M/M
y

|/|
y

Hysteretic behaviour of circular hollow section
29
Seismic Behaviour of Concrete-Filled Tubes (CFT)
Failure Mode of a concrete-
filled RHS
Efficient use of steel

Concrete in confined state

Local buckling delayed in RHS
30
Types of moment connections
(a) (b)
(c)
(d)
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF CONNECTIONS
31
5
2
0 -1 -2 2 3 4 1 -3 -4 -5
-2
-1
0
1
M/M
y

|/|
y

Hysteretic behaviour of bolted angle connection
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF CONNECTIONS-1
32
Sway frames and non-say frames
Braced and un-braced frames

Concentrically Braced Frames (CBF)
Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF)
(a)Diagonal
bracing
(b)Cross or
X-bracing
(c )Chevron
bracing
(d)Eccentric
bracing
Link
Beams
Bracing systems in Steel Frames
SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF FRAMES
33
Failure of Concentric
Braced Frames
34
Desired and Undesired Collapse Mechanisms in Capacity Design
(a) Desired (b) Undesired
A
u
u
A
CAPACITY DESIGN
35
Lead
Plug
Laminated rubber bearing pad
SPECIAL DEVICES AND SYSTEMS
Either isolate or dissipate

Base Isolation

Vibration Control
Active and Passive

Visco-elastic dampers used as
sliding supports for beams/trusses

Tuned Mass Dampers(TMD)

Tuned Liquid Dampers(TLD)

Hydraulic Actuators

Weak links, stoppers etc as inelastic dampers

Earthquake Resistant Design of Steel Structures

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Earthquake Resistant Design of Steel Structures

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Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG

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