Multistorey Buildings-Iv: ©teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures
IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG 1

MULTISTOREY
BUILDINGS- IV
CONTENTS
CLASSIFICATION OF FRAMES
IDEALISATION OF MATERIAL BEHAVIOUR FOR ANALYSIS
OF FRAMES
EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF COLUMNS
SIMPLIFIED SWAY METHOD
ELASTIC DESIGN OF MUTISTOREY RIGID FRAMES
STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS OF SWAY FRAME UNDER
ELASTIC-PLASTIC FAILURE LOADS
SIMPLIFIED EMPIRICAL APPROACH USING MERCHANT-
RANKINE-WOOD EQUATION
PLASTIC DESIGN OF MUTISTOREY RIGID FRAMES
SUMMARY
CLASSIFICATION OF FRAMES
Sway Frames
Non Sway Frames

A frame in which sway A is prevented is called a non-
sway frame.
For non-sway frame lateral stiffness is provided by one of
the following

rigidity of the joints.
provision of bracing system.
connecting the frame to a braced frame, shear core, shear wall
or a lift well.

CLASSIFICATION OF FRAMES -1
The inter storey deflection (s) (i.e. the difference in
deflection of top and bottom end of a column in that storey)
is used to quantify the lateral stiffness of the frame.

The maximum s
i
for any storey is taken as a measure of the
frame stiffness.

For a frame to be of the non-sway" type the maximum inter
storey deflection permitted in any storey is generally taken
as follows:

cladding with frames for
frames bare for
2000
h
4000
h
s
i
i
i
=
=
w
I
=
f
(w
di
+ w
li
)
w
di
= dead load on i
th
floor
w
li
= live load on i
th
floor
w
I
= factored load on i
th
floor

(a)
w
n

w
i

w
2

w
1

floor i
(b)
p
n

p
i

p
1

p
2

h
i

A
i

base
Approximate calculation of frame
stiffness for classification of frames
A
i
= Total i
th
storey deflection
S
i
= Interstorey deflection for i
th
floor
P =Column Load
p
i
=Assumed lateral load 0.5% of
factored load

(c)
s
i

h
i

A
i

p
i

P
P
IDEALISATION OF MATERIAL BEHAVIOUR FOR
ANALYSIS OF FRAMES

Elastic Behaviour

Elastic Plastic Behaviour

Rigid Plastic Behaviour
Idealisation of Material
Behaviour curve
Strain
Stress

tan
-1
E
(a) Elastic behaviour
Strain
Stress

tan
-1
E
f
y

(b) Elastic-Plastic behaviour
Strain
Stress

f
y

(c) Rigid-Plastic behaviour
EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF COLUMNS

Limited Frame Method

Limited Substitute Frame
Column under
examination
k
1

k
2

E k
bt

E
k
bb

k
u

k
l

2
1
k
c
=I /
+ +
+
=
bt u c
u c
k k k
k k
k
1
+ +
+
=
bb l c
l c
k k k
k k
k
2
EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF COLUMNS-1

Effective length for Non-sway (k
3
= ) and sway
k
3
=0 frames

P
k
1
=Distribution coefficient at top
Ek
bt
=Sum of beam stiffness I/ at top
Ek
bb
=Sum of beam stiffness I/ at bottom
k
2
=Distribution coefficient at bottom
k
3
=Bracing stiffness
= (since braced)
k
1

k
2

Ek
bt

Ek
bb

P
k
3
=
Non sway frame (k
3
=)
e

P
P
Ek
bt

Ek
bb
k
2

k
1

k
3
=0
Sway frame (k
3
=0)
k
3
=Bracing stiffness
=0 (since full sway permitted)
Roller
Roller
k=I/
Effective Length ratio
e
/ for a column
in a rigid- jointed frame braced against
sidesway for k
3
=

e
/ for a column in
a rigid- jointed frame with unrestricted
sidesway for k
3
=0

Effective length of insufficiently restrained columns
in the frames

While using the above charts following limitations should be
considered.

When a member is either not present or not firmly
connected to the frame, it should be considered to have
zero stiffness.
If a framing member carries nearly full moment (90% of its
capacity) it will not provide resistance for preventing the
column from buckling when plastic hinges have formed.
For such beams, stiffness should be taken as zero.
If the column under question itself carries full moment (90%
of its capacity) it will develop flexural hinge at top and
bottom and as such its effective length should be taken as
.
When the column is attached to the foundation, a rational
value of k at the bottom should be chosen (i.e. k=1 if
pinned, 0.9 if not rigidly connected and 0.5 if rigidly
connected with transverse beams).

rotational continuity is distributed by either plasticity or by
partial release due to practical foundation problems which
are likely to reduce the restraint at the ends of the column.
Effective length of insufficiently restrained columns in the frames -1

Effective length consideration when the frame is
partially braced

For a frame partially restrained by filler walls in between the
framing members the above nomograms cant be used.
The effective length will depends on the relative stiffness of
bracing system provided as these panel walls partially
inhibit sway.
The relative stiffness of the bracing system to that of the
frame (based on BS5950)

2 but
k E 80
S h
k
c
p
2
3
s =

e
/ for a
column in a rigid-jointed frame with
partial sway bracing of relative
stiffness k
3
=2
e
/ for a
column in a rigid- jointed frame with
partial sway bracing of relative
stiffness k
3
=1
Consideration of realistic beam stiffness based
on buckling mode

It is assumed that the ends of the beam away from the
column end under consideration is fully restrained.
This assumption
is realistic because about 48 to 60 percent of the width of
slabs are available for stiffening beams and for carrying the
fixed end moments of loaded beams.
but not appropriate for base frames which are not integral with
concrete floor and hence the value I/ used for such floors
should be modified taking into account the critical buckling
mode at failure.

Critical Buckling Mode
of a Braced Frame
Critical Buckling Mode for
an unbraced Frame
consideration of realistic beam stiffness
based on buckling mode -1

For a non-sway frame, beam stiffness is taken as 0.5 I/.
In the case of a sway frame, the beam stiffness is taken as 1.5 I/.
A more exact value for the effective length can be obtained from the
consideration of frame instability.
It is assumed that the beam members are not subjected to axial
forces.
In case they are subjected to axial forces, the limited frame method
can still be used, provided the frame is a non-sway one and proper
care is taken to use reduced stiffness for beams based on the level
of axial load carried by it, to its elastic buckling load P
cr
.

SIMPLIFIED SWAY METHOD
one of the approximate methods recommended by BS 5950 for
elastic design of sway frames

the effect of instability of the column on bending moments and
deflection is considered by appropriately increasing their
magnitude by a factor

This method has been tested for different ratios of moments
acting at top and bottom of the column
cr
P
P
1
1
Magnification of Moment due to axial load (non- sway)

Magnification
Factor
0.4
m
o
=0
m
o
=+1/2
m
o
=+1
D/C
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6
1.4
1.0
1.8
2.0
2.6
3.0
m
o
=-1 m
o
=-1/2
m
o
=0 m
o
=+1/2 m
o
=+1
m
o
=-1
m
o
=-1/2
S/C
r c
P
P
Load Critical
Load Axial
=
cr
P
P
1
1
Response (magnified) due to elastic instability
Deflection, A
or
Moment, M

M
e
= Linear elastic moment
M
N
= Non Linear elastic moment
including instability
A
e
=linear elastic response
A
N
=Non-Linear elastic response
including instability

P
cr

N
N
M
A
e
e
M
A
ELASTIC DESIGN OF MUTISTOREY RIGID FRAMES

elastic design as per BS 5950 is made for factored loads
when the deflections are small.
The deflections should generally be limited to span/200
The design of beams and columns are made using
substitute frames for gravity loading.
For horizontal loading the entire frame is considered.
when elastic design is used, moment redistribution to the
extent of 10% can be made
Non - sway frames
For gravity loading non-sway frames are analysed either
using full frame or using substitute frame.
For load cases involving horizontal load, pattern vertical
loading is not considered and the entire frame is analysed.

ELASTIC DESIGN OF MUTISTOREY RIGID FRAMES -1

Sway Frames
the frame is analysed for vertical gravity loading
considering also pattern loading as a non-sway frame using
effective length of columns applicable to those braced
against sidesway.
Next, the effects of sway is considered under all
combination of loading, considering vertical loading effects
on sway
the following two design methods is adopted to get the final
design forces.

Simplified Design Method

Amplified Sway Method

STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS OF SWAY FRAME UNDER
ELASTIC-PLASTIC FAILURE LOADS

Elastic Critical Conditions

In a normal elastic frame, the deflection function F (A) of the
frame is proportional to the deflection f (A) of the frame
under unit load.
F(A) = f(A)
The axial forces under applied loading introduce the
instability effects.

At certain critical load factors
c1
s
c2
s
c3
, the stiffnesses
vanish leading to large deflections. These correspond to
critical modes at those load factors.

STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS OF SWAY FRAME UNDER ELASTIC-PLASTIC
FAILURE LOADS - 1
Using the orthogonal property of the mode shapes, the
deflection is expressed as
f(A) = a
1
f (A
1
) + a
2
f(A
2
) + a
3
f(A
3
)+

When instability effects are considered the resulting
deflection can be written as

the lowest critical load shows the onset of elastic critical
condition.

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) .. ..........
3 3
3
3
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
1
+ A
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ A
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ A
|
|
.
|
\
|
= A f a f a f a f
c
c
c
c
c
c


STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS OF SWAY FRAME UNDER ELASTIC-PLASTIC
FAILURE LOADS - 2
The elastic critical load factor
cr
of the frame is the ratio by
which each of the factored loads will have to be increased
to cause elastic instability. This load factor is also required
to be used in the approximate method for evaluating
elastic-plastic failure loads.

For the rigid frame Fig.1 (a) and 1(b), the sway index of the
i
th
storey is

If |
max
is the maximum of all |
i
values, then the elastic
critical load factor is

i
i
i
h
s
= |
max
200
1
|
=
cr
Load-deflection curve for an elastic-plastic
structure compared with an elastic structure
Deflection
Parameter, A
(b)
cr

F
D
X
Y
G
2.15
1.9
12.9
C
G

0
Load
Factor,
H
Z
(a)
Deteriorated Critical Load

The potential energy U of a structure can be expressed a

U =U
w
+U
e

For equilibrium

On the rising part, i.e., at point X,

On the falling part, i.e. at Z

and at C

0 =
A c
cU
) ( 0
2
2
Stable
U
>
A c
c
) ( 0
2
2
Unstable
U
<
A c
c
) ( 0
2
2
neutral
U
=
A c
c
For a typical elastic-plastic non- linear structure system,

U
N
= U
w
+ U
e
+ U
p

For equilibrium

In the plastic zone since the stress is
constant
upto
F
is reached

at
F
i.e at point F

OXFD on points all for Valid 0 =
A c
c
N
U
0
2
2
=
A c
c
p
U
0
2
2
>
A c
c
N
U
0
2
2
=
A c
c
N
U
beyond F in the falling branch of FD

The condition at failure

the failure criteria for elastic-plastic structure is similar to
elastic structure with plastically deforming parts eliminated.

The elastic portion between plastic hinges will still be
contributing to the energy.

The structure with the eliminated parts is termed
deteriorated or depleted. The critical load obtained under
this depleted or deteriorated structure is known as
deteriorated critical load.

0
2
2
<
A c
c
N
U
( )
0
2
2
=
c
+ c
U
V U
e w
Frame analysed by Wood
Load in tons
4.2
8.4
8.4
8.4
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
12
15
Behaviour of frame analysed by Wood

cr
=12.5

p
=2.15

F
=1.9
Yield
Plastic hinge
1
2 3
4 5
Elastic
Critical
Deteriorated Critical Loads of Frame
analysed by Wood
D
=8.5
D
=6.3
D
=4.05
D
=2.3
D
=1.6
SIMPLIFIED EMPIRICAL APPROACH USING MERCHANT-
RANKINE-WOOD EQUATION

Realistic failure load
F
can be expressed as a function of
p

and
cr
. According to original Merchant Rankine Equation.

Wood suggested a modification of Merchant Rankine load
considering strain- hardening and restraint provided by
cladding

r c p F

1 1 1
+ =
p F
p
r
c

= > then ; 10

and

when then

SIMPLIFIED EMPIRICAL APPROACH USING MERCHANT-RANKINE-WOOD
EQUATION - 1

r
c
p
p
r
c p
cr p
MRW F
0.9
0.9

+
=
+
=
=
; 4 10 > >
p
r
c

stocky structures i.e.

with or
cr
> 10 and
p
> 1

ensures that structures have adequate strength.

For slender structures

SIMPLIFIED EMPIRICAL APPROACH USING MERCHANT-RANKINE-WOOD
EQUATION - 1

10 >
p
r
c
4 > >
p
cr
10

4.6<
cr
< 10 as used in BS 5950 the values of

and
cr
> 4.6

This is applicable to clad frames in which no account has
been taken of cladding.
These equations are modified for unclad frames or frames
where stiffness of cladding is considered as indicated
below:

cr
>5.75 or 5.75 s
cr
< 20

when
cr
> 20; use
p
> 1

( ) 1
9 . 0
>
cr
cr
p
( ) 1
9.5
r
c
cr
p
>

F
= Failure Load

p
=Rigid plastic collapse load

c
=Elastic critical load

F
=
MR
=

(Merchant Rankine)
Merchant - Rankine (modified Load)

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
1.0
0.8
0.87
A
C
D
cr p
r
c p

+
r
c
F
p
F
p
r
c
=
10 =
P
cr

PLASTIC DESIGN OF MUTISTOREY RIGID FRAMES

Plastic design of frames can be used for frames, which are
effectively braced against out of plane sway.

Non Sway Frame
while considering the sway, the bending stiffness of the
frame should be ignored, as its buckling resistance will not
be available to prevent sidesway when the frame reaches
its plastic capacity.

Sway Frames
Rigorous Analysis
Simplified Empirical Approach

PLASTIC DESIGN OF MUTISTOREY RIGID FRAMES -1

Simplified Empirical Approach - A simplified frame stability
check, is made using MerchantRankineWood Equation
provided the following conditions are satisfied.
The beam side-sway mechanism with hinges in all beam
ends and at base of columns should be applicable. There
should not be other hinges in the column, which may lead
to premature failure.
The column in the ground floor should be designed to
remain within elastic limit.
Under the combination of unfactored load and notional
horizontal load to simulate sway (wind force not included),
forces and moments in the frame should be within elastic
limit.

CONCLUSION
the behaviour of multistorey frames under lateral loads is
described.
Elastic design of multistorey rigid frames using simplified
design method as well as amplified sway method have been
included.
Stability consideration of sway frames under Elastic-Plastic
failure loads have been included.
Finally plastic design of multistorey frame using simplified
approach has been is presented.

Multistorey Buildings-Iv: ©teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG

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Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG 1

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

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