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Fluid Mechanics
Chapter 6
Incompressible
Inviscid Flow
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Main Topics
Momentum Equation for Frictionless Flow: Eulers
Equation
Eulers Equation in Streamline Coordinates
Bernoulli Equation Integration of Eulers Equation
Along a Streamline for Steady Flow
The Bernoulli Equation Interpreted as an Energy
Equation
Energy Grade Line and Hydraulic Grade Line
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Applications
Airfoil
A section through an airplane wing gives an airfoil profile as shown.
How do you determine the direction of the lift when air flows over it?
www.aerospaceweb.org
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Applications
Venturi meter
A venturi meter is used to determine flow rate based on the pressure drop
at the constriction. How do you determine this pressure drop?
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NavierStokes Equations for Incompressible Flows
X-axis
Y-axis
Z-axis
A famous equation
No analytical solutions
Momentum Equation
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Momentum Equation for Frictionless
Flow: Eulers Equation
For inviscid flow, the rate of change of momentum of a
fluid particle is due to gravity and net pressure
[6.1]
Eulers Equation
Change in velocity
over position
Change in velocity
over time
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Momentum Equation for Frictionless
Flow: Eulers Equation
Rectangular Coordinates
X-axis
Y-axis
Z-axis
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Example 1
Eulers Equation in
Streamline Coordinates
Question: An incompressible frictionless flow field is given by
V = (Ax + By)i + (Bx - Ay)j m/s, where A = 2 s
-1
and B = 5 s
-1
.
Find the acceleration and pressure of a fluid particle at point (3, 4).
Solution:
Governing equations:
Assumptions:
(1) Incompressible
(2) Steady flow
(3) Frictionless or inviscid
= 0 (2)
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Example 1
Eulers Equation in
Streamline Coordinates
u(x,y) = Ax + By; v(x,y) = Bx - Ay
a
x
= uu + vu
x y
= (Ax + By) (Ax + By) + (Bx - Ay)(Ax + By)
x y
=> a
x
= (Ax + By)A + (Bx - Ay)B = (A
2
+ B
2
)x
a
y
= uv + vv
x y
= (Ax + By) (Bx - Ay) + (Bx - Ay)(Bx - Ay)
x y
=> a
y
= (Ax + By)B + (Bx - Ay)(-A) = (A
2
+ B
2
)y
= (2
2
+ 5
2
)(3) = 87 m/s
2
= (2
2
+ 5
2
)(4) = 116 m/s
2
a = {(a
x
)
2
+ (a
y
)
2
}
0.5
= 145 m/s
2

p
x
= g
x
- a
x
= 0 999(87) = -86.9 kPa/m;
p
y
= g
y
- a
y
= 999(-9.81) 999(116) = -125.7 kPa/m;
x
x
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[6.4a]
Eulers equation along the streamline
Eulers Equation in
Streamline Coordinates
For a steady flow with no body forces
-
Apply Newtons 2
nd
law in the direction s (streamline
coordinates) of the streamline to a fluid element with
no viscous forces
- g sin ds dn dx = a
s
ds dn dx
Fig. 6.1
=>
Since
=>
since sin = z/s
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Students should go through Example 6.1 in text book
Eulers Equation in
Streamline Coordinates
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Multiplying through by ds and rearranging
NB: ds is small distance along streamline
Bernoulli Equation Derivation
Eulers Equation in Streamline Coordinates

Assuming steady flow
ds = dV
ds = dz
ds = dp
(the change in elevation along s)
(the change in pressure along s)
(the change in speed along s)
=>
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For incompressible flow, = constant
Bernoulli Equation Derivation
Integration Along s Coordinate
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1. Steady Flow
2. No Friction
3. Flow Along a Streamline
4. Incompressible Flow
Bernoulli Equation Derivation
Bernoulli Equation
Assumptions:
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General comments
Most famous equation in fluid mechanics
Ease of application but the most abused
Can be modified for compressible, rotational, unsteady flows

Bernoulli Equation Derivation
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Bernoulli Equation
Stagnation pressure (p
0
)
Occurs if flow velocity is reduced to zero
= 0
for z
0
= z
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Bernoulli Equation
Static, Stagnation & Dynamic Pressures
Pressure mentioned earlier refers to static or thermodynamic pressure
Remember, no pressure variation across streamlines.
This idea is used to measure pressure in flow fluid by pressure tap in (a)
Far from the wall, static pressure probe is used to measure static pressure

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Dynamic
(velocity)
pressure
Static
(thermodynamic)
pressure
Stagnation
(total)
pressure
Bernoulli Equation
Static, Stagnation & Dynamic Pressures
(Ignore gravity)
Pitot (total head)
tube
Static pressure tab
Instrument??
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Bernoulli Equation - Energy
Equation
1. No Shaft Work, W
s
= 0
2. No Shear Force Work, W
shear
= 0
3. No Other Work, W
other
= 0
4. Steady Flow
5. Uniform Flow and Properties
.
.
.
Assumptions:
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= 1/
Hence
Assumption:
u
1
+
( )
( )
u
2
+
(-
1
V
1
A
1
)
(
2
V
2
A
2
)
+
- Q = 0
.
Bernoulli Equation - Energy
Equation
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Bernoulli Equation - Energy
Equation
1. No Shaft Work, W
s
= 0
2. No Shear Force Work, W
shear
= 0
3. No Other Work, W
other
= 0
4. Steady Flow
5. Uniform Flow and Properties
6. Incompressible Flow
7. u
2
u
1
dQ/dm = 0
Energy Equation
.
.
.
Assumptions:
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pressure
energy
kinetic
energy
potential
energy
Bernoulli Equation - Energy
Equation
Energy Equation
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total head of the flow
H also measures total mechanical energy in units of length
(i.e., in meters or feet)
For real flow (with friction), H is not constant (Chapter 8)
Bernoulli Equation - Energy
Equation
Energy Equation
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Flight
Flow measurements (venturi meter)
Flow variable area pipe
Flow from a tank
Sluice gate
Siphon and cavitation

Applications of Bernoulli Equations
Bernoulli Equation
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Bernoulli Equation
Example 2
Question: A steady air flows through a horizontal nozzle and discharges to
atmosphere. The nozzle inlet cross sectional area is 0.1 m
2
while the outlet area is
0.02 m
2
. What gage pressure is required at the nozzle inlet to produce an outlet
speed of 50 m/s?
Solution:
Governing equations:
Assumptions:
(1) Incompressible
(2) Steady flow
(3) Frictionless or inviscid
(4) Standard conditions
(5) Uniform flow at sections
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Example 2
Bernoulli Equation
p
1
+ V
1
2
+ gz
1
= p
2
+ V
2
2
+ gz
2

1 2 2

2
p
1
- p
2
= (V
2
2
- V
1
2

);
2

1
=
2
= ; z
1
= z
2
p
1gage
= p
1
- p
atm
= p
1
- p
2
p
2
= p
atm
= 1.23 kg/m
3
(Table A.10); V
2
= 50 m/s; V
1
= ??

p
1gage
= (V
2
2
- V
1
2

);
2
Q
1
= Q
2
=> V
1
A
1
= V
2
A
2
=> V
1
= V
2
A
2
/A
1
= (50)(0.02)/(0.1) = 10 m/s
p
1gage
= 1.23(50
2
- 10
2

) = 1.48 kPa
2
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Bernoulli Equation
Example 3
Question: A light plane flies at 150 km/h in standard air at an altitude of 1 km.
What is the stagnation pressure at the leading edge of the wing? What is the static
pressure at the top of the wing if the air speed relative to the top of the wing is 60
m/s?
Solution:
Governing equations:
Assumptions:
(1) Incompressible
(2) Steady flow
(3) Frictionless or inviscid
(4) Standard conditions
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Example 3
Bernoulli Equation
p
air
+ V
air
2
+ gz
air
= p
A
+ V
A
2
+ gz
A
= p
B
+ V
B
2
+ gz
B

air 2 2

A
From Table A.3; at 1000 m, p/p
SL
= 0.8870 and /
SL
= 0.9075

2

air
=
A
=
B
= ;

z
air
= z
A
= z
B
=> p

= 0.8870 p
SL
= (0.8870)(1.0110
5
Pa) = 8.9610
4
Pa

=>

= 0.9075
SL
= (0.9075)(1.23 kg/m
3
) = 1.12 kg/m
3
At the stagnation point, V
A
=?
=> p
A
= p
air
+ 0.5V
air
2


=> p
A
= 8.96(10
4
Pa) + 0.5(1.12 kg/m
3
)(41.67 m/s)
2
= 90.57 kPa

NB: 150 km/h = 41.67 m/s
Also: p
B
= p
air
+ 0.5(V
air
2
- V
B
2
)

=> p
B
= 8.96(10
4
Pa) + 0.5(1.12 kg/m
3
){(41.67 m/s)
2
- (60 m/s)
2
}= 88.56 kPa

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Bernoulli Equation
Students should go through Examples 6.2 & 6.4 to 6.8 in text book
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Energy Grade Line and
Hydraulic Grade Line
total head of the flow
Graphical presentation of the Bernoulli Equation
Energy equation
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Energy Grade Line and
Hydraulic Grade Line
Energy Grade Line (EGL)
Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL)
EGL =
HGL =
The total head available
to the fluid (Pitot tube)
The piezometric head
(Static pressure tab + piezometer)
EGL - HGL =
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Energy Grade Line and
Hydraulic Grade Line
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Energy Grade Line and
Hydraulic Grade Line
Example 4:
Sketch the EGL and HGL for the flow system below
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Energy Grade Line and
Hydraulic Grade Line
Example 4: