Analysis and Transmission

of Signals
Chapter 03

Lecture 04
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Impulse response of LTI system
Consider a linear time invariant (LTI) system
Assume the input signal is a Dirac function (t). Call
the observed output h(t)



h(t) is called the unit impulse response function
With h(t), we can relate the input signal to its output
signal through the convolution formula:
o(t)
h(t)
LTI
System
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Convolution in the frequency domain
If and then the
convolution reduces to a product in the Fourier
domain


H(w) is called the System Transfer Function
or the system frequency response or the
spectral response
) ( ) ( e G t g
) ( ) ( e H t h
) ( ) ( ) ( t h t g t y - =
) ( ) ( ) ( e e e H G Y =
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Distortionless Transmission
What is the required behavior of an ideal
transmission line?

The output signal from an ideal transmission line
may have some time delay and different
amplitude than the input

It must have no distortionit must have the
same shape as the input.

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Ideal Distortionless Transmission
Output signal in time domain


Output signal in frequency domain


System Transfer Function
) ( ) (
d
t t kg t y =
d
jwt
e kG Y

= ) ( ) ( e e
d
jwt
ke H

= ) (e
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Ideal Distortionless Transmission (cont)
From the equation regarding the transfer function
required for distortion less transmission:


And


Which shows that for distortionless transmission
magnitude of frequency transfer function must be
constant and phase response must be linear

( ) k w H =
( )
d h
wt w = u
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What is the required behavior of an
ideal transmission line?

The overall system response must have a constant
magnitude response

The phase shift must be linear with frequency

All of the signals frequency components must also
arrive with identical time delay in order to add up
correctly

Time delay t
d
is related to the phase shift u
h



( )
dw
d
w t
h
d
u
=
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If the slope of
h
is constant all the components
are delayed by the same interval t
d


If the slope is not constant the time delay varies
with frequency. This means different frequency
components undergo different amounts of time
delay.
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IDEAL FILTERS
Ideal low-pass filter response



The impulse response of this ideal filter is

d
t j
e
W
w
rect H
e
e

|
.
|

\
|
=
2
) (
| | ) ( sin
2
) (
1
d
t j
t t W c
W
e
W
w
rect t h
d
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
=

t
e
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IDEAL FILTERS (cont)
But this filter is not realizable physically, Because it
is not causal
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Ideal High-Pass and Band-Pass Filters
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Issues with Ideal Filters
They are not realizable since their unit impulse
responses are everlasting

Physically realizable filter impulse response
h(t) = 0 for t < 0

Therefore, we can only obtain approximated
version of the ideal low-pass, high-pass and
band-pass filters
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Realizable Filters
There are several useful approximations to the ideal
low-pass filter characteristic and one of these is the
Butterworth filter
Magnitude Response is given by


Butterworth filters are popular because they are the best
approximation to the ideal, in the sense of maximal
flatness in the filter passband
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Butterworth Filter
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Butterworth Filter (n=4)
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Signal Distortion over a
Communication Channel

Linear Distortion
Non Linear Distortion
Multipath Effects
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Linear Distortion
In an ideal Transmission line

The overall system response must have a constant
magnitude response

The phase shift must be linear with frequency

If neither of the conditions mentioned above are fulfilled
then spreading of the pulse will occur, which causes
interference
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Non Linear Distortion
In a non linear channel where the input and the output
are related by some non linear equation


The R.H.S. of this equation can be expanded as



We know that if the Bandwidth of g(t) is B Hz then
Bandwidth of g
k
(t) = kB Hz
( ) g f y =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ......
3
3
2
2 1 0
+ + + + = t g a t g a t g a a t y
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Multipath Effects
It takes place when the transmitted signal arrives
at the receiver from two or more then two paths.

Consider the case of two paths, one with a unity
gain and a delay of t
d
and the other with a gain of
and a delay of (t
d
+ t)

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Multipath Effects (cont)
The overall transfer function will be





( )
( ) t t jw jwt
d d
e e w H
A +
+ = o
( )
( )
( )
t jw jwt
e e w H
d
A
+ = o 1
( ) ( ) t w j t w e w H
d
jwt
A A + =

sin cos 1 o o
( )
(

A +
A
+

A + + =
t w
t w
wt j
d
e t w w H
cos 1
sin
tan
2
1
. cos 2 1
o
o
o o
( ) t w w H A + + = cos 2 1
2
o o
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Multipath Effects (cont)
Destructive Interference
when w = n/t (n odd), cos wt = -1


Constructive Interference
when w = n/t (n even), cos wt = 1

( ) 1 , , 0 ~ ~ o when w H
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Mathematics
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Questions?