Fiber Optic probes in

Medicine
Presented by
Sarojini Ramakrishnan
Email: sr63@buffalo.edu
Overview
What is Endoscopy?
The Endoscope
The Rigid Endoscope
The Flexible Endoscope
Major Players
Cost
Research
References

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What is Endoscopy?
Minimally invasive surgical procedure
Keyhole or seamless surgery
Allows surgeons to peer into the body and
examine organs in situ
Also widely used as a diagnostic procedure

Caught in the act??
The View
The Endoscope
Uses fiber optics and powerful lens systems
Illuminates and provides a view of the interior
of joints
Rigid or Flexible
Different variations for viewing different organs

The Rigid Endoscope
The Rigid Endoscope
Objective Lens
Rod Lens
Ocular Lens
Light Fibers
Light Source
Camera for imaging (optional)


Rod Lenses

Endoscope to Video
Micro-camera attached to eyepiece and image
viewed on a monitor
Uses Charge-Coupled Devices (CCD)
- Capture and store image data
- 2D array of individual elements that
can store an electric charge
- can respond to as high as 70% of the
incident light
Charge-Coupled Device
Light Sources
Tungsten filament lamp
halogen reflector lamp
- optimal use of light
Rare-earth xenon lamp
- high intensity light
- true color display (xenon daylight
effect)
The Flexible Endoscope
Bending radius of approx. 15mm
Two fiber optic cables
- one is a light conduit (incoherent)
- second is used for image transmission
(coherent)
Image fiber
- image resolution of approx. 10.000 pixels
per square mm.
Major Players
Olympus
Pentax
Fujinon
Stryker
Cost
Endoscopy accounts for 25% of all surgery conducted
in developed countries
Endoscopes
- anywhere between $700 for a used endoscope
upto $10,000 for a new endoscope
Light Sources
- $250 to $4000
Video Endoscopy system
- above $8000
Research Avenues
Surgical imaging systems that can simulate the
optimal path for the surgeon (inside the brain
for neurosurgery, for example)
Spectroscopy
Endoscopes with image processing capabilities

References
imaginis.com/endoscopy/
Rigid Endoscopes
- members.aol.com/EndoNews/art1.html
- www.surgical-optics.com/N_RTerms.html
- www.nsgamerica.com/products.cfm
- www.awi-industries.com/rodLens.html
- www.endoscopy.com/vet/video.htm
- www.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCD
Light Sources
- http://www.meditronic.com/products/endoscopy/light.html
- www.vet.uga.edu/mis/Exotics/Exotics_Equipment/
exotics_equipment.html
References Contd.
Flexible Endoscope
- http://www.healthlibrary.com/reading/yod/current/fibre.htm
- http://www.corexcel.com/courses2/body.flexible.endoscopes.page2.htm
Coherent Fiber Optic Bundle
- http://cord.org/step_online/st1-7/st17eiv.htm
- www.roperscientific.de/teffo.html
Market situation
- www.1800Endoscope.com
- http://www.mindbranch.com/catalog/product.jsp?code=R469-0002