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HEAT TRANSFER LECTURE
Chapter 3 Steady-State Conduction Multiple Dimensions
CHAPER 3
Steady-State Conduction
Multiple Dimensions
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In Chapter 2 steady-state heat transfer was calculated
in systems in which the temperature gradient and area
could be expressed in terms of one space coordinate. We
now wish to analyze the more general case of two-
dimensional heat flow. For steady state with no heat
generation, the Laplace equation applies.
2 2
2 2
0
T T
x y
c c
+ =
c c
The solution to this equation may be obtained by analytical,
numerical, or graphical techniques.
(3-1)
3-1 Introduction
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The objective of any heat-transfer analysis is usually to
predict heat flow or the temperature that results from a
certain heat flow. The solution to Equation (3-1) will give
the temperature in a two-dimensional body as a function
of the two independent space coordinates x and y. Then
the heat flow in the x and y directions may be calculated
from the Fourier equations
3-1 Introduction
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3-2 Mathematical Analysis of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction
Analytical solutions of temperature distribution can be obtained
for some simple geometry and boundary conditions. The separation
method is an important one to apply.
Consider a rectangular plate.
Three sides are maintained at
temperature T1, and the upper
side has some temperature
distribution impressed on it.
The distribution can be a constant
temperature or something more
complex, such as a sine-wave.
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Consider a sine-wave distribution on the upper edge, the
boundary conditions are:
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Substitute:
We obtain two ordinary differential equations in terms of
this constant,
2 2
2 2
1 1 T T
X x Y y
c c
=
c c
2
2
2
0
X
X
x

c
+ =
c
2
2
2
0
Y
Y
y

c
=
c
where
2
is called the separation constant.
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We write down all possible solutions and then see which
one fits the problem under consideration.
( )( )
1 2
2
3 4
1 2 3 4
0:

For X C C x
Y C C y
T C C x C C y
= = +
= +
= + +
This function cannot fit the sine-function boundary
condition, so that the solution may be excluded.
2
0 =
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( )
( )
2
5 6
7 8
5 6 7 8
0:
cos sin
cos sin
x x
x x
For X C e C e
Y C y C y
T C e C e C y C y

< = +
= +
= + +
This function cannot fit the sine-function boundary condition,
so that the solution may be excluded.
2
0 <
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( )
( )
2
9 10
11 12
9 10 11 12
0: cos sin

cos sin
y y
y y
For X C x C x
C e C e
T C x C x C e C e
Y

> = +
= +
= + +
It is possible to satisfy the sine-function boundary condition;
so we shall attempt to satisfy the other condition.
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Let
The equation becomes:
Apply the method of variable separation, let
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And the boundary conditions become:
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Applying these conditions,we have:
( )( )
9 10 11 12
0 cos sin C x C x C C = + +
( )
9 11 12
0
y y
C C e C e

= +
( )
( )
9 10 11 12
0 cos sin
y y
C W C W C e C e

= + +
( )
( )
9 10 11 12
sin cos sin
H H
m
x
T C x C x C e C e
W

t

| |
= + +
|
\ .
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accordingly,
and from (c),
This requires that
11 12
C C =
9
0 C =
( )
10 12
0 sin
y y
C C W e e

=
sin 0 W =
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then
which requires that C
n
=0 for n >1.
We get
n
W
t
=
1
1
sin sinh
n
n
n x n y
T T C
W W
t t
u

=
= =
1
sin sin sinh
m n
n
x n x n H
T C
W W W
t t t
=
=
The final boundary condition may now be applied:

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The final solution is therefore
( )
( )
1
sinh /
sin
sinh /
m
y W
x
T T T
H W W
t
t
t
= +
The temperature field for this problem is shown. Note that the heat-
flow lines are perpendicular to the isotherms.
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Another set of boundary conditions
0 at 0
0 at 0
0 at
sin at
m
y
x
x W
x
T y H
W
u
u
u
t
u
= =
= =
= =
| |
= =
|
\ .
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Using the first three boundary conditions, we obtain the
solution in the form of Equation:
1
1
sin sinh
n
n
n x n y
T T C
W W
t t
=
=
Applying the fourth boundary condition gives

2 1
1
sin sinh
n
n
n x n H
T T C
W W
t t
=
=

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This series is
then
( )
( )
1
2 1 2 1
1
1 1
2
sin
n
n
n x
T T T T
n W
t
t
+
=
+
=

( )
( )
( )
1
2 1
1 1
2 1
sinh /
n
n
C T T
n H W n t t
+
+
=
The final solution is expressed as
( ) ( )
( )
1
1
1
2 1
1 1 sinh /
2
sin
sinh /
n
n
n y W
T T n x
T T n W n H W
t
t
t t
+
=
+

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0 at 0
0 at 0
0 at
sin at
m
y
x
x W
x
T y H
W
u
u
u
t
u
= =
= =
= =
| |
= =
|
\ .
Transform the boundary condition:
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3-3 Graphical Analysis
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3-4 The Conduction Shape Factor
Consider a general one dimensional heat conduct-
ion problem, from Fouriers Law:
let
then
whereS is called shape factor.
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Note that the inverse hyperbolic cosine can be calculated from
( )
1 2
cosh ln 1 x x x
=
For a three-dimensional wall, as in a furnace, separate shape
factors are used to calculate the heat flow through the edge and
corner sections, with the dimensions shown in Figure 3-4. when all
the interior dimensions are greater than one fifth of the thickness,
wall
A
S
L
=
edge
0.54 S D =
corner
0.15 S L =
where A = area of wall, L = wall thickness, D = length of edge
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Example 3-1
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Example 3-2
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Example 3-3
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Example 3-4
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3-5 Numerical Method of Analysis
The most fruitful approach to the heat conduction is one
based on nite-difference techniques, the basic principles
of which we shall outline in this section.
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1Discretization of the solving
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2Discrete equation
Taylor series expansion
2 2 3 3
1, ,
2 3
,
, ,
( ) ( )
...
2 6
m n m n
m n
m n m n
T x T x T
T T x
x x x
+
c A c A c
= + A + + +
c c c
2 2 3 3
1, ,
2 3
,
, ,
( ) ( )
...
2 6
m n m n
m n
m n m n
T x T x T
T T x
x x x
c A c A c
= A + +
c c c
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2
2
1, 1, ,
2
,
2 ( ) ...
m n m n m n
m n
T
T T T x
x
+
c
+ = + A +
c
2
1, , 1, 2
2 2
,
2
( )
( )
m n m n m n
m n
T T T
T
o x
x x
+
+
c
= + A
c A
2
2
1 , , 1 ,
,
2
2
) (
) (
2
y o
y
T T T
y
T
n m n m n m
n m
A +
A
+
=
c
c
+
2Discrete equation
Differential equation for two-dimensional steady-state heat flow
2 2
2 2
0
T T q
x y k
-
c c
+ + =
c c
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2Discrete equation
Discrete equation at nodal point (m,n)
1, , 1, , 1 , , 1
2 2
2 2
0
m n m n m n m n m n m n
T T T T T T
q
x y k
-
+ +
+ +
+ + =
A A
1, , 1, , 1 , , 1
2 2
2 2
0
T T T T T T
x y
+ +
+ +
+ =
A A
no heat generation
x= y
1, 1, , 1 , 1 ,
4 0
m n m n m n m n m n
T T T T T
+ +
+ + + =
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2Discrete equation
Thermal balance
(1) Interior points
steady-state & no heat generation
1, 1, , 1 , 1
0
m n m n m n m n
q q q q
+ +
+ + + =
1, ,
1,
d
d
m n m n
m n
T T
T
q kA k y
x x

= = A
A
x
T T
y k q
n m n m
n m
A
A =
+
+
, , 1
, 1
, 1 ,
, 1
m n m n
m n
T T
q k x
y
+
+

= A
A
, 1 ,
, 1
m n m n
m n
T T
q k x
y

= A
A
1, , 1, , , 1 , , 1 ,
0
m n m n m n m n m n m n m n m n
T T T T T T T T
k y k y k x k x
x x y y
+ +

A + A + A + A =
A A A A
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Thermal balance
x= y
1, 1, , 1 , 1 ,
4 0
m n m n m n m n m n
T T T T T
+ +
+ + + =
gen
q q V q x y
- -
= = A A
2
1, 1, , 1 , 1 ,
4 ( ) 0
m n m n m n m n m n
q
T T T T T x
k
-
+ +
+ + + + A =
steady-state with heat generation
(1) Interior points
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2Discrete equation
Thermal balance
(2) boundary points
1, ,
1,
m n m n
m n
T T
q k y
x

= A
A
, 1 ,
, 1
2
m n m n
m n
T T
x
q k
y
+
+

A
=
A
, 1 ,
, 1
2
m n m n
m n
T T
x
q k
y

A
=
A
,
( )
w m n
q h y T T
= A
1, , , 1 , , 1 ,
,
( )
2 2
m n
T T T T T T
x x
k y k k h y T T
x y y
+

A A
A + + = A
A A A
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Thermal balance
x= y
(2) boundary points
, 1, , 1 , 1
1
( 2) ( )
2
m n m n m n m n
h x h x
T T T T T
k k
+
A A
+ = + + +
1, , , 1 ,
, ,
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
m n m n m n m n
m n m n
T T T T
y x x y
k k h T T h T T
x y

A A A A
+ = +
A A
, 1, , 1
1
( 1) ( )
2
m n m n m n
h x h x
T T T T
k k

A A
+ = + +
x= y
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Thermal balance
(2) boundary points
x= y
1, , 1, , , 1 ,
, 1 ,
, ,
2 2
( ) ( )
2 2
m n m n
m n m n
T T T T T T
y x
k y k k
x x y
T T
x y
k x h T T h T T
y
+
+

A A
A + +
A A A
A A
+ A = +
A
, 1, 1, , 1 , 1
1
( 3) (2 2 )
2
m n m n m n m n m n
h x h x
T T T T T T
k k
+ +
A A
+ = + + + +
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3Algebraic equation
11 1 12 2 1 1
21 1 22 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
......
......
............................................
......
n n
n n
n n nn n n
a T a T a T C
a T a T a T C
a T a T a T C
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
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Matrix notation
| |
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
...
...
... ... ... ...
...
n
n
n n nn
a a a
a a a
A
a a a
(
(
(
=
(
(

| |
1
2
...
n
T
T
T
T
(
(
(
=
(
(

| |
1
2
...
n
C
C
C
C
(
(
(
=
(
(

| || | | |
A T C =
Iteration
Simple Iteration & Gauss-Seidel Iteration
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Example 3-5
Consider the square shown in the figure. The left face is
maintained at 100 and the top face at 500, while the
other two faces are exposed to a environment at 100.
h=10W/m2 and k=10W/m . The block is 1 m square.
Compute the temperature of the various nodes as indicated
in the figure and heat flows at the boundaries.
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[Solution]

The equations for nodes 1,2,4,5 are given by
2 4 1
1 3 5 2
1 5 7 4
2 4 6 8 5
500 100 4 0
500 4 0
100 4 0
4 0
T T T
T T T T
T T T T
T T T T T
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
Example 3-5
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[Solution]

Equations for nodes 3,6,7,8 are
The equation for node 9 is
9 6 8
1 1 1
1 ( ) 100
3 2 3
T T T = + +
3 2 6
6 3 5 9
7 4 8
8 7 5 9
1 1 1
2 (500 2 ) 100
3 2 3
1 1 1
2 ( 2 ) 100
3 2 3
1 1 1
2 (100 2 ) 100
3 2 3
1 1 1
2 ( 2 ) 100
3 2 3
T T T
T T T T
T T T
T T T T
= + + +
= + + +
= + + +
= + + +
Example 3-5
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3 2 6
1 1 1
2 (500 2 ) 100
3 2 3
T T T = + + +
6 3 5 9
1 1 1
2 ( 2 ) 100
3 2 3
T T T T = + + +
7 4 8
1 1 1
2 (100 2 ) 100
3 2 3
T T T = + + +
8 7 5 9
1 1 1
2 ( 2 ) 100
3 2 3
T T T T = + + +
The equation for node 9 is
9 6 8
1 1 1
1 ( ) 100
3 2 3
T T T = + +
Example 3-5
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We thus have nine equations and nine unknown nodal temperatures. So
the answer is
For the 500 face, the heat flow into the face is
3 1 2
(500 ) (500 ) (500 )
10 [ ]
2
... 4843.4 /
in
T T T T x
q k A x x
y y y y
W m
A A
= = A + A +
A A A A
= =
The heat flow out of the 100 face is

7 1 4
1
( 100) ( 100) ( 100)
10 [ ]
2
... 3019 /
T T T T y
q k A y y
x x x x
W m
A A
= = A + A +
A A A A
= =
Example 3-5
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2
3 6 9
( )
10 [ ( 100) ( 100) ( 100)]
2
... 1214.6 /
q h A T T
y
y T y T T
W m
=
A
= A + A +
= =
The heat flow out the right face is

3
7 8 9
( )
10 [ ( 100) ( 100) ( 100)]
2
... 600.7 /
q h A T T
y
y T y T T
W m
=
A
= A + A +
= =
1 2 3
... 4834.3 /
out
q q q q W m = + + = = 4843.4 /
in
q W m =
The heat flow out the bottom face is

The total heat flow out is
Example 3-5
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3-6 Numerical Formulation in Terms of Resistance Elements
Thermal balance the net heat input to node i must be zero
0
j i
i
j
i j
T T
q
R
+ =
qi heat generation, radiation, etc.

i solving node
j adjoining node
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1, , 1, , , 1 , , 1 ,
0
m n m n m n m n m n m n m n m n
m m n n
T T T T T T T T
R R R R
+ +
+ +

+ + + =
x
R
kA
A
=
1
m m n n
R R R R
k
+ +
= = = =
1, 1, , 1 , 1 ,
4 0
m n m n m n m n m n
T T T T T
+ +
+ + + =
0
j i
i
j
i j
T T
q
R
+ =
so
3-6 Numerical Formulation in Terms of Resistance Elements
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3-7 Gauss-Seidel Iteration
0
j i
i
j
i j
T T
q
R
+ =
( / )
(1/ )
i j i j
j
i
i j
j
q T R
T
R
+
=

Steps
Assumed initial set of values for Ti
Calculated Ti according to the equation
using the most recent values of the Ti
Repeated the process until converged.
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Convergence Criterion
( 1) ( ) i n i n
T T o
+
s
( 1) ( )
( )
i n i n
i n
T T
T
c
+

s
3 6
10 10 c

=
Biot number
h x
Bi
k
A
=
3-7 Gauss-Seidel Iteration
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Example 3-6
1 x
R
k y k
A
= =
A
Apply the Gauss-Seidel technique to obtain the nodal temperature
for the four nodes in the figure.
[Solution]
All the connection resistance between
the nodes are equal, that is
Therefore, we have
( / ) ( ) ( )
(1/ ) ( ) ( )
i j i j i j j j j
j j j
i
i j j j
j j j
q T R q k T k T
T
R k k
+ +
= = =

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Example 3-6
Because each node has four resistance connected to it and k is assumed
constant, so
4
j
j
k k =
1
4
i j
j
T T =

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3-8 Accuracy Consideration
Truncation Error Influenced by difference scheme
Discrete Error Influenced by truncation error & x
Round-off Error Influenced by x
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Summary
(1)Numerical Method
Solving Zone
Nodal equations
thermal balance method Interior & boundary point
Algebraic equations
Gauss-Seidel iteration

( / )
(1/ )
i j i j
j
i
i j
j
q T R
T
R
+
=

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Summary
(2)Resistance Forms
0
j i
i
j
i j
T T
q
R
+ =
(3)Convergence
Convergence Criterion
( 1) ( ) i n i n
T T o
+
s
( 1) ( ) i n i n
T T o
+
s
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Summary
(4)Accuracy
Truncation Error
Discrete Error
Round-off Error
Important conceptions
Nodal equations thermal balance method
Calculated temperature & heat flow
Convergence criterion
How to improve accuracy
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Exercises
Exercises: 3-16, 3-24, 3-48, 3-59
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The final boundary condition may now be applied:

Applying the fourth boundary condition gives

3-2 Mathematical Analysis of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction

The heat flow out of the 100 face is

The heat flow out the right face is

qi heat generation, radiation, etc.

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