UNIT 22: STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR AND DETAILING

Learning outcomes
LO1- Ability to determine the properties of structural materials
LO2- Understanding of fundamental structural concepts
LO3- Analysis of statically determinate structures
LO4- Design of structural elements
LO5- Detailing of structural elements

Links
Unit 26 : Properties and performance of construction materials
Unit 34 : Structural analysis and design




















10/3/2014
Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage
B.Sc.Eng (Hons), C Eng, MIE(SL)
1 International College of Business and Technology
M/601/1282 - Lecture Note: 03
10/3/2014
Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage
B.Sc.Eng (Hons), C Eng, MIE(SL)
2
International College of Business and Technology
M/601/1282 - Lecture Note: 03
Analysis of Structures

Analytical Methods
There are three approaches to the analysis
1. Mechanic of Materials (Strength of materials)
2. Elastic theory (Special case of the more general field of continuum mechanics)
3. Finite element
Mechanic of Material Approach
Assumptions
a) The materials in question are elastic, that stress is related linearly to strain
b) Material (but not the structure) behaves identically regardless of direction of
the applied load.
c) All deformations are small.
d) Beams are long relative to their depth.



















10/3/2014
Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage
B.Sc.Eng (Hons), C Eng, MIE(SL)
3 International College of Business and Technology
M/601/1282 - Lecture Note: 03
Statically determinate and indeterminate structures
If for the stable structure it is possible to find the internal forces in all the
members constituting the structure and supporting reactions at all the supports provided
from statical equations of equilibrium only, the structure is said to be statically determinate.
System for which the principles of statical equilibrium are insufficient to
determine support reactions and/or internal force distributions, i.e. there are greater
number of unknowns than the number of equations of statical equilibrium, are known as
statically indeterminate or hyperstatic systems.
Structural systems may be
1. Externally indeterminate but internally determinate
2. Externally determinate but internally indeterminate
3. Externally and internally indeterminate
4. Externally and internally determinate
** A system which is externally and internally determinate is said to be determinate system.


















10/3/2014
Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage
B.Sc.Eng (Hons), C Eng, MIE(SL)
4 International College of Business and Technology
M/601/1282 - Lecture Note: 03
Statical Determinacy in frames
Let: m= total number of members in a truss
j= number of connections
Minimum number of members required for the geometric or configuration stability
m = 2j-3
If m< 2j-3 structure is unstable
m> 2j-3 structure with redundant members
** The expression serves as an indicator whether or not the internal forces in a structure can
be calculated by the equations of statics.
Since all the j joints of the structure are in equilibrium and there are two equilibrium
equations involving the summation of forces in X- and Y- directions, namely Fx=0 and Fy=0
at each joint, 2j equations of static equilibrium are available for the entire structure to
compute the support reactions and internal forces in all the members.
Let: m= unknown member forces
r= unknown support reactions
For the adequacy of the number of the available equilibrium equations to compute the
support reactions and internal forces in all the members,
2j=(m+r) or m=2j-r - statically determinate















10/3/2014
Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage
B.Sc.Eng (Hons), C Eng, MIE(SL)
5 International College of Business and Technology
M/601/1282 - Lecture Note: 03
If 2j < m+r, there are more unknowns than the number of equilibrium equations, the
structure is statically indeterminate. The degree of indeterminacy n=(m+r)-2j

If 2j > m+r, there are more equilibrium equations available than the number of unknowns,
such a structure is a mechanism and always unstable. The structure does not have unique
solution. Existence of more than one solution indicates instability

Ex:1 Determine whether the trusses shown in following figures are stable. If stable, then find
whether they are statically determinate or indeterminate.











10/3/2014
Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage
B.Sc.Eng (Hons), C Eng, MIE(SL)
6 International College of Business and Technology
M/601/1282 - Lecture Note: 03
Sign Convention
Use normal sign convention adopted for a 3-dimensional right-handed system of
Cartesian or rectangular coordinate axes OX, OY and OZ with origin O on the extreme left of
the structure. The forces measured from the origin towards positive directions of axes are
always positive. Rotational moments expressed in vector form pointing towards positive
directions of the axes are positive. Thus, moments that tend to produce counterclockwise
rotations are considered positive and those tend to produce clockwise rotations are
considered negative.

Free - Body Diagrams
For static analysis of bodies subjected to external loads, analytical diagrams that
illustrate the force systems acting on the objects are called equilibrium or free-body
diagrams. Using equilibrium concepts, the numerical values of reactions that occur at
supports and hence internal forces, i.e. axial forces, shear forces and bending moments can
be determined. The major application of equilibrium analysis is in the evaluation of
reactions and internal forces by representing an object by a series of free body diagrams.

















10/3/2014
Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage
B.Sc.Eng (Hons), C Eng, MIE(SL)
7 International College of Business and Technology
M/601/1282 - Lecture Note: 03

















10/3/2014
Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage
B.Sc.Eng (Hons), C Eng, MIE(SL)
8 International College of Business and Technology
M/601/1282 - Lecture Note: 03
Shear Force and Bending Moment
Relationships among loading, shear force, and bending moment





A small element of the beam shown in figure above (left) is taken at a distance x from end 1.
The forces acting on the element are shown in figure above (right).

Resolving forces vertically,
V = (V+V)+wx and V/x = -w
Limiting condition
dV/dx = -w indicates that the slope of the shear force diagram, at any section,
equals the intensity of loading at that section.









V
V+V
10/3/2014
Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage
B.Sc.Eng (Hons), C Eng, MIE(SL)
9 International College of Business and Technology
M/601/1282 - Lecture Note: 03
Alternatively, since
dV = -wdx
dV = -wdx, and
V
2
-V
1
=
x1
x2
-wdx where,
V
1
= Shear force in the beam at x=x
1
, V
2
= shear force in the beam at x=x
2
and the change in
shear force between the two sections equals the area of the load intensity diagram between
the two sections.

Taking moments about the lower right corner of the element gives the expression
M = (M+M)- Vx + w (x )
2
/2
Neglecting the small value (x )
2
,
M/x = V
The limiting condition is
dM/dx =V indicates that the slope of the bending moment diagram at any
section equals the shear force at that section.




10/3/2014
Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage
B.Sc.Eng (Hons), C Eng, MIE(SL)
10 International College of Business and Technology
M/601/1282 - Lecture Note: 03
Alternatively, since
dM = Vdx
dM = Vdx, and
M
2
-M
1
=
x1
x2
Vdx where,
M
1
= Bending moment in the beam at x=x
1
, M
2
= Bending moment in the beam at x=x
2
and
the change in bending moment between the two sections equals the area of the shear force
diagram between the two sections.