Pemakanan

& nutrisi
kanak-kanak
KAS1043
Perkembangan Awal Kanak-kanak
dari Perspektif Fisiologi

Mohd Hafis Sahari

1
Growth and Development
Concerning about
2
child
can eat
needs
to eat
the way a child should be feed.
Within age groups, each child develops skills
at a different rate
Growth
Children need food to grow, and children who
are growing fast, need more food than usual.

3
Children over the age of 6 months need foods
from
the five food groups to keep them healthy and
growing

Serve a variety of foods to children so that they
get all the nutrients they need.
No one food can provide all the nutrients these
young children need.
Plan
Plan your day so that infants are fed
when hungry.
4
children are fed every 2 to 3 hours. Because they
have small stomach.
Children need many chances during the day to
meet their food needs.
Serve meals and snacks on a regular schedule so
that the children learn what to expect.
Childrens Nutrition Guide
overal
l
healt
h
The
best nutritio
n advice
prevent many medical problems
overweight
developing weak bones
physically grows
Eat a variety of foods
Balance the food you eat
with physical activity
Diet with plenty of grain
products, vegetables
and
fruits
diet low in fat,
saturated fat, and
cholesterol
diet moderate in sugars and salt
diet that provides enough
calcium and iron to meet their
growing body's requirements
Food
Guide
Pyramid
Serve a variety of foods to
children
6
Vegetables provide vitamins A and C, folic
acid, and minerals.
Dried peas and beans, meat, fish, and
poultry provide protein, iron, and zinc.
Breads and cereals provide B vitamins,
fiber,and energy from carbohydrates.
Fruits provide vitamins A and C, folic acid,
and minerals.
Dairy products provide protein
and calcium.
children will not eat
the same way or
amount every day or
at every meal.
Things you need to know!!
7
child is healthy
and growing
Serve 100 percent
fruit juicenot
cordial drinks.
serve nutritious snacks
that will help children
meet their food needs for
the day.
Things you need to know!!
8
Dont serve sticky
snacks or snacks
with a lot of sugar
in
them.
Offer water to children after
snacks to remove food particles
that might contribute to cavities
if
they cannot brush their
teeth.
Things you need to know!!
9
Children should always have
access to drinking
water, either from a
fountain or from single-
service cups
10
Feed infants baby foods by spoon only. This
teach the infant the right way to eat solid
foods. Do not use a bottle or an infant feeder
for solid foods. This might cause the infant to
choke.
Development
Food experiences help meet various
needs during infancy and early
childhood.
11
E.g. Infantsneed to be held, need to suck, and
need to learn trust and security. As they
get older, they need to develop independence
and social skills.
Food experiences also help develop motor skills
and dexterity (ketangkasan) in infancy and
childhood.
Foods can help teach children about counting,
sorting, measuring, colors, shapes, textures,
temperatures, odors, and tastes.
Diet and the Neurotransmitters
12
Certain foods contain precursors (starting materials)
for some Neurotransmitters
Aspartic Acid
Used to make aspartate ; found in
peanuts, potatoes, eggs and grains.
Choline
Used to make acetylcholine; found in
eggs, liver and soybeans.
Glutamic Acid
Used to make glutamate; found in flour
and potatoes.
Phenylalanine
Used to make dopamine; found in soybeans,
almonds, eggs, meat and grains.
Tryptophan
Used to make serotonin; found in eggs, meat,
skim milk, bananas, yogurt, milk, and cheese.
Younger infants (04 months)
Breast milk is the best source of nutrition
for infants
13
Proteins
Whey (60%)
Casein (40%)
Easy to digest
Hardly to digest
(mostly 60 80 %
in artificial milk)
These proteins have great infection-protection properties

Fats

Long chain fatty acids are needed for brain,
retina, and nervous system development.
They are deposited in the brain during the last trimester of
pregnancy and are also found in breast milk.
It is necessary for brain development, absorption of fat-
soluble vitamins, and is a primary calorie source
14
Vitamins
milk is directly related to the mothers vitamin intake
Fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamins A, D, E, and K, are all vital
to the infants health.
Water-soluble vitamins such as vitamin C, riboflavin, niacin, and
panthothenic acid are also essential.
Carbohydrates
Lactose helps to decrease the amount of unhealthy bacteria in the
stomach, which improves the absorption of calcium, phosphorus,
and magnesium.
It helps to fight disease and promotes the growth of healthy
bacteria in the stomach.
Nutritional
Components
Requirements

Calcium
It s necessary for the development of
strong bones
to prevent the development of
osteoporosis in adults.
Main
sources
Required for cell transport
Required for nerve cell functioning
Essential in muscle functioning
Deficiency results in Rickets in children
Tiredness and Muscular dysfunction
In excess, calcium causes diseases of the
kidney; development of kidney stones.
Vitamins and
Minerals
Main
sources
Toddlers (age 1-3 years) require about 500mg
of calcium each day (about 2 glasses of milk)
Preschool and younger school age children
(age 4-8 years) require about 800 mg of
calcium each day (about 3 glasses of milk).
Older school age children and teens (age 9-
18 years) require about 1300 mg of calcium
each day. This higher level of calcium is
especially important once they begin puberty
(about 4 glasses of milk).
Vitamin C /
ascorbic
acid
Vitamin A /
retinol
malabsorption
poor diet / chronic health condition
Top sources of vitamin A include:
Beef liver, Egg yolk, Cheddar cheese, Fortified
milk
helps your eyes , skin and mucous
membranes moist
antioxidant properties that neutralize free radicals in
the body that cause tissue and cellular damage.
to prevent colds and upper respiratory tract
infections,
Too little Vitamin C can lead to scurvy
water-soluble vitamin
antioxidan
Wounds that don't heal
Bruising / lebam
Too much Vitamin C, it may not be harmful.
Source - citrus fruits ( oranges) , vagetables
(broccoli)
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
fat soluble vitamin
necessary for proper blood clotting.
synthesis of proteins found in plasma, bone, and
kidneys
spinach, lettuce, kale, cabbage, cauliflower, wheat bran,
organ meats, cereals, some fruits, meats, dairy products,
eggs.
promotes absorption and use of calcium and
phosphate for healthy bones and teeth
found in milk (fortified), cheese, whole eggs, liver,
salmon, and fortified margarine
The skin can synthesize vitamin D if
exposed to enough sunlight on a regular
basis.
fat soluble vitamin
Potassium
Zinc
needed for cell reproduction, tissue growth
and repair.
found in meat, seafood, and liver, eggs, milk, whole-grain
products.
Zinc has antioxidant properties and is essential for the immune
system
It is responsible for the health of the prostrate gland In males
oysters, nuts (like almonds), oil seeds, pulses, red
meat, cereals, beans and dairy products.
it can lead to neuro psychiatric disorders like dementia,
depression, schizophrenia and Alzheimers
Required for normal cellular transport of
nutrients
Necessary for healthy heart and kidney function
Necessary for nervous system functioning
Deficiency leads to muscular weakness
and lethargy.
Deficiency also leads to poor growth
Cardiac disturbance in potassium deficiency.