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deployment
Optus LTE Workshop Series Session 1
17
th
September, 2009
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 2 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
Agenda
1. End to End network considerations
2. Core
3. Radio
4. Next steps and proposed workshops
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 3 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
End to End network considerations
1
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 4 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
The Wireless Network Transformation
LTE+EPC
IP channel
CDMA / EVDO
GSM / GPRS
EDGE
UMTS
HSPA
IP channel
Packet Switched
Core
PSTN
Other
mobile
networks
VPN
Internet
Voice
Channels
GGSN
HA
SGSN
PDSN
MGW
MSC
BSC
RNC
Circuit Switched
Core (Voice)
BTS
Node B
Softswitch
GMSC
2G/3G
HSI only
Triple Play Bundle
Web 2.0
Evolved Packet Core
(wireless)
MME PCRF
Cell Site
Access
IP/MPLS
Carrier Transport
PGW SGW
eNode B
New, all-IP mobile core network introduced with LTE
End-to-end IP
Clear delineation of control plane and data plane
Simplified architecture: flat-IP architecture with a single core
Evolved Packet Core = IP transformation for LTE
Cell Site
Access
TDM and ATM
aggregation
META (backhaul and backbone)
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 5 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
Base
Station
The HLN Platform, Converged, Scalable, All-IP
MME PCRF
Service Edge
(wireline)
Evolved Packet Core
(wireless)
PGW
IP / MPLS
Network and
Service Manager
SGW
Converged
Aggregation
IP/MPLS
Backbone
Converged Edge
IP DSLAM
Converged
IMS
SDE
Converged Backbone
IP/MPLS
Backbone
Policy
Manager
Converged
Dynamic
Services
Controller
MME
GPON
EPC
Converged Backbone
Cell Site
Access
MSE
BNG
IP / Optical
IMS
SDE
NGN
Ethernet/MPLS
Carrier Transport
IP/MPLS
Carrier Transport
Service Router
Service Router
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 6 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
Alcatel-Lucent Strategy
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 7 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
Evolved Packet Core
2
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 8 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
Evolved Packet Core (EPC): A new all-IP mobile core for LTE
New IP-based mobile core network introduced with LTE
End-to-end IP
Clear delineation of control plane & data plane
Simplified architecture: Flat-IP architecture with a single core
What is EPC ?
LTE+EPC
Evolved Packet Core = end-to-end IP transformation of mobile core
eNode B
IP channel
PDN GW SGW
MME PCRF
CDMA / EVDO
GSM / GPRS
EDGE
UMTS
HSPA
Evolved Packet Core
IP channel
Packet Switched
Core
PSTN
Other
mobile
networks
VPN
Internet
Voice
Channels
GGSN SGSN
MGW
MSC
BSC / RNC
Circuit Switched
Core (Voice)
BTS
Node B
Softswitch
GMSC
2G/3G
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 9 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
EPC: More than just mobile core
What is new?
EPC for LTE
eNode B
IP channel
PDN GW SGW
MME PCRF
Evolved Packet Core
The EPC is a multi-access core network based on the Internet Protocol (IP) that enables operators to
deploy and operate one common packet core network for 3GPP radio access (LTE, 3G, and 2G), non-
3GPP radio access (HRPD, WLAN, and WiMAX), and fixed access (Ethernet, DSL, cable, and fiber).
The EPC is defined around the three important paradigms of mobility, policy management, and security.
Source: IEEE Communications Magazine V47 N2 February 2009
And more
Serving Gateway
Serving a large number of eNodeBs, focus on scalability and security
Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway
IP management (IP anchor), connection to external data networks; focus on
highly scalable data connectivity and QoS enforcement
Mobility Management Element (MME)
Control-plane element, responsible for high volume mobility management
and connection management (thousands of eNodeBs)
Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF)
Network-wide control of flows: detection, gating, QoS and flow-based
charging, authorizes network-wide use of QoS resources (manages millions on
service data flows)
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 10 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
Flat IP = less hierarchy means lower latency
eNode B
Node B
BTS
data plane
control plane
data plane
control plane
SGSN
PDSN
RNC
BSC
GGSN
HA
SGSN
PDSN
RNC
BSC
GGSN
HA
GSM
UMTS
CDMA
LTE
MME S/P GW
PGW SGW
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 11 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
Unleashing data and control plane in LTE
eNode B
SGW PDN GW
MME PCRF
data plane
control plane
3GPP core
3GPP2 core
Web 2.0+
Data plane:
High aggregate throughput (over 100 Gbps)
for high bandwidth on-demand services
Per-subscriber, per-application, per-session
QoS/policy enforcement
Control plane:
Highly scalable, secure dynamic mobility and
connection management
Network-wide, real-time policy control
High performance, reliable, scalable
and secure service-aware IP routers
for EPC gateways
High performance, reliable, scalable
in-house ATCA-based platforms for
EPC control-plane elements
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 12 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
All-IP, simplified network architecture
Requirement
GGSN SGSN S/PGW
1 million + subscribers
Per subscriber and
application policy control
IP (HSI) data service
VoIP and Multi-media
service
10s+ Kbps sustained BW
per subscriber
Mbps peak BW per
subscriber
100+ Gbps aggregate
throughput
Support for large signaling
volume
Large volume mobility
control
Non-stop services support
More advanced user plane
features required
Current xGSNs
do not meet requirements
Interaction with PCRF to
support different charging
models
Support for packet filtering
Lawful Intercept
Insufficient capacity
Lack of fine-grain QoS ability
Limited high availability
Todays 3G packet core will support
short-term evolution, but not optimized
for large scale LTE requirements
MME
MME
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 13 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
Alcatel-Lucent EPC Mobile Gateway
Leveraging leading Service Routing technology
7750 SR: broadly deployed, full-
featured Service Routing platform
Field-proven as fixed edge/core in with
99.999+% availability with non-stop services
Full set of IPv4/IPv6 routing capabilities to
tie directly to IP aggregation and backbone
Integrated and virtualized L2 and L3 services
to manage mobile network overlays
Alcatel-Lucent EPC Gateway
Using new high-processing 50 Gbps NP
Using new silicon for IOM
High-capacity processing (Mpps)
Integrated Hierarchical Quality of Service (H-
QoS)
On chip filtering, accounting, and packet
header manipulation
Dedicated multi-core processors for mobility
management functions
Mobile Services Module*
PDN GW SGW MME PCRF
EPC gateway 7750 SR
+ =
* and supporting operating system (SR OS)
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 14 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
Alcatel-Lucent MME
Leveraging leading mobility expertise across all radio access technologies
Best-in-class ATCA platform
Proven, standards-based high compute
density form factor (ATCA) platform
In house design maximizes performance and
lifecycle
Proven asset to provide hardened solution
with high availability, OAM
Alcatel-Lucent MME
Superior paging performance
Extremely high capacity: support for high
loads (thousands of eNodeBs)
Carrier-grade reliability (99.999%+)
In Service Software Upgrades (ISSU)
Geo-redundancy (through MME pooling)
Flexible deployment scenarios: (both
centralized and distributed), allowing
unhindered separate scaling of MME and xGWs
In-house software
PDN GW SGW MME PCRF
MME In-house ATCA platform
+ =
Industry leading
mobility expertise
across
all radio technologies
GSM
UMTS
HSPA
CDMA
EVDO
WiMAX
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 15 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
Alcatel-Lucent PCRF
Leveraging leading subscriber and policy management expertise
Best-in-class ATCA platform
Proven, standards-based high compute
density form factor (ATCA) platform
In house design maximizes performance and
lifecycle
Proven asset to provide hardened solution
with high availability, OAM
Alcatel-Lucent PCRF
High performance
Extremely high capacity
Dynamic, real-time policy management
Tight integration with NM
In-house software
PDN GW SGW MME PCRF
PCRF In-house ATCA platform
+ =
Industry leading
policy and subscriber
management
expertise (TPSDA)
55+
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 16 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
LTE QCI (QoS Class Identifier), as defined by 3GPP TS23.207
QCI Resource Type Priority
Packet Delay
Budget
Packet Error
Loss
Rate
Example Services
1 2 100 ms 10
-2
Conversational voice
2 4 150 ms 10
-3
Conversational video (live streaming)
3
Guranteed
Bit Rate
(GBR)
3 50 ms 10
-3
Real-time gaming
4 5 300 ms 10
-6
Non-conversational video (buffered streaming)
5 1 100 ms 10
-6
IMS signalling
6
6
300 ms
10
-6
Video (buffered streaming)
TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing,
progressive video, etc.)
7 Non-GBR 7 100 ms 10
-3
Voice, video (live streaming), interactive
gaming
8
8 300 ms 10-6
Premium bearer for video (buffered
streaming),
TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing,
progressive video, etc) for premium subscribers
9 9 300 ms 10-6
Default bearer for video,
TCP-based services, etc. for non-privileged subscribers
From: 4 classes in UMTS and CDMA to: 9 classes in LTE
One of LTE standards goals:
backward compatibility with UMTS QoS
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 17 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
End-to-end bearer QoS in EPC
eNB QoS
Per-bearer
Scheduling
Hierarchical
QoS
Signaling
integrity
Per QCI-queues
with color-
aware
thresholds
Aggregate eNB
shaping
Classify
Per SDF
Shape
(optional)
Shaping to
adapt to
transport SLA
Traffic
Management
Per QCI queuing
for GBR QoS
Color-aware
queuing for GBR
SDF Charging
and Credit
Classify
5-tuple match
with opt. DPI
Policing per-
bearer or per-
SDF
G/Y/R for
default bearer
DSCP Marking
Policing
Per bearer
scheduling
UE source IP
Per bearer
verification
Network QoS
Per QCI
Network QoS
Per QCI
IP
Gi
DOWNLINK UPLINK
eNode B
MME
PCRF
PDN GW
SGW
Evolved Packet Core
DPI
(optional)
DSCP Mark
Partner OTT
Peer-to-peer
rate limiting
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 18 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
Voice Evolution for LTE
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 19 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
Options for Supporting Voice over LTE
Option Description Comment
CS Fall-back
(CSFB)
Attractive as a means of re-using all
the CS infrastructure.
UE is registered in LTE and is paged
on MT in LTE but takes call in CS
(GSM or W-CDMA)
Voice over IMS
(VoIMS)
Uses a standard 3GPP IMS. Options:
Hand-down to CS via SRVCC HO
PS HO for VoIMS/3G<>VoIMS/LTE
Call control for voice services is
replicated in the IMS domain and is
interworked with CS domain, via
SRVCC
CS over Packet
(CSoPS/VoLGA)
Allows operator to re-use all the CS
infrastructure.
CSFB and IMS users to be supported
when roaming onto CSoPS networks
Uses a normal MSC infrastructure
and an IWF that makes the LTE
appear as an IP-based CS-RAN
Three main options for voice support with LTE introduction
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 20 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
CS Fallback
UE
LTE-Uu
E-UTRAN
MME
S1-MME
UTRAN
GERAN
Um
Uu
MSC
Server
Iu-CS
A
SGs
New interface
(SGs)
Page in LTE, establish CS bearer in 3G/2G : Re-Use Existing CS Core Assets
GSM (CS)
UMTS
(CS)
LTE
(none) LTE
(none)
CSFB
CS HO
Reselection
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 21 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
VoLGA Overview : Tunnel CS Traffic over LTE
VANC
2G/3G
MSC
UTRAN
MME
S-GW
P-GW
BSS
E-UTRAN
PCRF
S
e
c
G
W
HLR/HSS
H
O
S
F
AAA
IuCS
or A
Sv
Rx
Gx
S1-C
S1-U
IuCS
A
D
S6a
Wm
D
SGi
VoLGA is an alternative to CSFB for a specific situation
Not yet standardised and lacking wide operator support
Z1
VoLGA : Voice Over LTE Generic Access
VANC : VoLGA Access Network Controller
HOSF : handover selection function
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 22 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
GSM (CS)
IMS based voice services
Single Radio VCC for Service continuity
IMS over LTE only (case 1)
SRVCC HO:
LTE to UMTS
LTE to GSM
CS HO:
UMTS to/from GSM
Cell re-selection (UE in idle mode):
Return to LTE from GSM or UMTS
IMS over LTE and UMTS (case 2)
PS HO:
LTE to/from UMTS
SRVCC HO:
LTE and UMTS to GSM
CS HO:
GSM to UMTS
Cell re-selection (UE in idle mode):
Return to LTE from GSM
UMTS
(CS)
LTE
(IMS) LTE
(IMS)
GSM (CS)
UMTS
(CS+IMS)
LTE
(IMS) LTE
(IMS)
SRVCC CS HO PS HO Reselection
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 23 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
Challenges to be Solved for Voice IMS
3GPP Access
RNC SGSN/GGSN
MME
PCRF
SGW
PDN GW
UE
Client
PCC
Emerg.
Call
SRVCC
ICS
Roaming
Peering
IP Addr.
IPv6 &
v4v6
ANDS
Voice not the driver for mobile IMS for most operators
SMS &
OMA-DM
Local
break out
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 24 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
Summarizing the options for Supporting Voice with LTE
Option Description Advantages/Disadvantages
IMS VoIP
Uses a standard 3GPP IMS. Options:
Hand-down to CS domain via
SRVCC HO
ICS to support consistent service
experience when transferring
domains
CS Fall-back
(CSFB)
Adv: Attractive as a means of re-
using all the CS infrastructure.
Disadv: Acknowledged short term
solution until IMS is deployed
UE is registered in LTE and is paged
on MT in LTE but takes call in CS
(GSM or W-CDMA). Will add a short
delay to the call.
Adv: Standard, robust IMS solution
providing home control of a rich set
of communications services
Disadv: Migration to VoIP core can
be operationally intensive (e.g. with
SRVCC & ICS) requiring experienced
staff and vendor partners.
CSoPS (VoLGA)
Adv: Attractive as a means of re-
using all the CS infrastructure.
Disadv: No 3GPP standards support,
UE ecosystem required, roaming
issues, will need to migrate to IMS
eventually.
Uses a normal MSC infrastructure
and an interworking function that
makes the LTE appear as an IP-based
CS-RAN
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 25 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
Radio Techniques
3
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 26 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
Section 3 LTE RAN Considerations (50 mins)
1. Whats new about LTE Radio Access
3 key principles
Deployment considerations
2. Deployment strategy
2G/3G Interworking
Distributed coverage solutions
Interference Management/SON
3. Spectrum
Coverage
Bandwidth
1800MHz Eco-system
4. Antenna Configurations
Multi-band Sharing
MIMO Readiness
Techniques for FDD
Antenna Considerations
Modelling
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 27 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
Whats new about LTE Radio Access
1
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 28 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
LTE 3 Key Principles
OFDMA (DL) / SC-FDMA (UL): Robust modulation in dense environments
Increased spectral efficiency
Simplified Rx design cheaper UE
Scalable bandwidth Static and dynamic
MIMO: Increased link diversity/capacity
Multiple-input, multiple-output UL& DL
Collaborative MIMO (UL)
Default support
All IP: Flat and scalable
Short TTI: 1 ms (2 ms for HSPA)
Inter- eNB X2 interface
Backhaul based on IP / MPLS transport
Fits with IMS, VoIP, SIP
Value Proposition - considerable increase in capacity, peak rates & lower TCO
V
MIMO
H
H
H
RI
H
V U H
U
H
Select
#
code
words
Modulation
+ coding
PMI
CQI
Modulation
+ coding
Demod +
decode
demod +
decode
precoding
Layer
mapping
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 29 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
Deployment Considerations
1. Deployment strategy (hotspot/contiguous, metro/rural,
data/voice, indoor/outdoor) interworking & macro, micro, pico, femto
2. Spectrum (coverage, bandwidth, eco-system)
3. Antenna considerations (MIMO now and future, new band)
4. Backhaul (eNB meshing, all-IP, aggregation, synchronisation)
Aim - maximal re-use of existing site infrastructure
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 30 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
Deployment Strategy
2
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 31 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
LTE deployment
Main scenarios
LTE metropolitan deployment
LTE in dense area, then progressive extension
Initially hot-spot LTE coverage, or
Get quickly a contiguous LTE national macro
coverage using low frequency spectrum (e.g.
700/800MHz)
HSPA leapfrog
LTE in dense area in parallel with deployment in
sub-urban and rural areas instead of HSPA
HSPA extension is frozen or limited
New low frequency band or GSM spectrum re-
farming (longer term)
LTE new entrant
LTE in metropolitan area (without roaming to
2G/3G operators)
MVNO relationship with 2G/3G operators for nation-
wide coverage
Dense
Urban Urban Suburban Rural
LTE
Dense
Urban
Urban Suburban Rural
Dense
Urban
Urban Suburban Rural
GSM/HSPA
LTE
MVNO
GSM/HSPA
3GPP needs to ensure LTE and GSM/WCDMA will interwork to form a seamless network
GSM
HSPA
LTE
LTE
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 32 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
3GPP interworking options
Flavors of interworking
Cell reselections
Mechanism to allow idle UE to reselect 2G, 3G or LTE cell using cell ranking and RAT
prioritization
Cell redirections
Mechanism in network to push UE to or from LTE coverage layer
Network Assisted Cell Change (NACC) to speed up the push of the UE to GERAN layer
BSC provides the eNB with information of the target GSM cell so the UE doesnt need to acquire the full set of
GSM system messages
Packet Switched mobility
Mechanism to handover packet switched services
Two different scenarios depending on the 3GPP release of the legacy core network:
Interworking with a legacy core that has not been upgraded to 3GPP Release 8
Interworking with a legacy core that is also on 3GPP Release 8
Circuit Switched mobility
Mechanisms to support circuit switch services (mainly voice and SMS)
Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB): Push UE to 2/3G layer for CS services
IMS based Voice Services with Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC)
CSoPS based Voice Services (or VOLGA) as an alternative to IMS
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 33 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
Interworking Capability Map
Interworking capability is likely to be introduced (in LTE and 2G/3G) in stages
UTRAN
LTE
GERAN
LTE
IDLE MODE
DATA
CONNECTED MODE
Service interruption
4s 1s 200ms
Mobility
VOICE
CONNECTED MODE
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Initial
Next
Future (Never?)
Support stages
Initial hotspot deployment with the benefit of 3GPP mobility
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 34 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
Evolved BTS Options
LTE overlays can exploit the flexibility of the distributed remote radio head
(RRH) and baseband unit (BBU) eNodeB solutions
Flexible housing and cabinetisation options, incl BTS hotels and DAS replacement
Simpler installation, with less constraints on bending radii and ducting sizes for the optical link
(especially for GSM/WCDMA overlay sites with large number of RF feeders)
No RF feeders (only jumpers) reduces the loss in both uplink and downlink (~3 dB) no TMA and more
efficient amplifiers
Reduced connectors in the RF transmission line reduces the risk of issues such as PIM
Other on-going OPEX advantages include;
Reduced power consumption
Reduced site rental due to low/ zero footprint and availability of wall mount.
RRH uses natural convection cooling to produce a zero noise high reliability fan-less solution.
BBU d2U
In existing cabinet or rack
RRH 2 x 40W
Wall, Pole or
Floor Stand mount
Macro overlays and indoor distribution
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2009 35 | Optus LTE Workshop Series Sep 2009
Interference Management
LTE can operate with a Frequency Reuse of 1
LTE provides techniques to help reduce the inter-cell interference
Inter Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC): involves scheduling users in
only portions of the bandwidth according to their location in the cell
Various schemes are possible:
Virtual 1/3 Frequency Reuse
Fractional Frequency Reuse
Soft Fractional Frequency Reuse
Improves cell edge rates at the expense of sector throughput
(less multi-user and frequency selective scheduling gain)
Cooperative multi-point (CoMP) Rel 10
Interference coordination is a key focus area moving to LTE-A with CoMP