Energy Conversion and Transport: George G. Karady & Keith Holbert

10/7/2014 360 Chapter 6 Synchronous Machine 1
EEE 360
Energy Conversion and
Transport
George G. Karady & Keith Holbert

Chapter 6
Synchronous Machine

Lecture 15
Synchronous Machines
The DC excitation current in the rotor
generates a flux.
The turbine drives the rotor and produces a
rotating flux
The rotation cause flux changes in the windings
The rotating flux induce a ac three phase
voltage in the stator winding.
This is the rotor induced voltage in the stator.

The generator is loaded
The load current produces a rotating flux
This rotating flux induces a ac three phase voltage in
the stator winding.
This voltage is
subtracted from the induced voltage.
represented by a voltage drop on the synchronous reactance
The equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator is a
voltage source and a reactance connected in series
6.3 Generator Application
Power angle: Angle between the dc
excitation current generated induced voltage and
the terminal voltage

DC
V
t
E
sta
I
sta
X
syn
R
sta
Flux
6.3 Generator Application
6.3.1 Loading: power is less than angle 90 deg
All generators in the system are connected in parallel
All generators rotates with the synchronous speed
The load can be increased by increasing the input mechanical power by
regulating the turbine impute power
The speed does not change, the power angle increases
Maximum power angle is 90 degree, beyond that operation is unstable

6.3.2 Reactive power regulation
When the excitation is:
Increased, the generator reactive power also increases;
Decreased, the generator reactive power also decreases
6.3.3 Synchronization
Verify that the phase sequences of the two systems are the
same.

Adjust the machine speed with the turbine that drives the
generator until the generator voltage frequency is nearly the
same as the frequency of the network voltage.

Adjust the terminal voltage of the generator by changing the dc
field (rotor) current until the generator terminal voltage is almost
equal to the network voltage. Acceptable limit is 5%.

Adjust the phase angle of the generator terminal voltage by
regulating the input power until it is nearly equal with the
phase angle of the network voltage. Acceptable limits are
about 15.
6.3.4 Static stability
Generator
S
gen
150kV A := V
gen
12.47kV := x
gen
128% :=
Transmission line
V
net
12.47kV := I
net _short
2kA :=
Network
L
line
48mi := Z
L
0.5 j 0.67 + ( )
O
mi
:=
Figure 6.20 Single-phase equivalent circuit of the network in Figure 6.19 .
Generator Distribution line Network
E
sta
V
net_ln
I
syt
X
syn
X
net
Z
line
Figure 6.19 One-line diagram of a simple power system
The system data are:
Generator S
gen
150kV A := V
gen
12.47kV := x
gen
128% :=
Network V
net
12.47kV := I
net _short
2kA :=
Distribution line L
line
48mi := Z
L
0.5 j 0.67 + ( )
O
mi
:=
System Data
The f irst step of the study is to calculate the impedances. The generator snchronous reactance
is :
X
syn
x
gen
V
gen
2
S
gen
:= X
syn
1.3269kO =
The line impedance is:
Z
line
Z
L
L
line
:= Z
line
24 32.16j + O =
The network line -to-netral voltage and reactance is:
V
net _ln
V
net
3
:= V
net _ln
7.2kV =
X
net
V
net _ln
I
net _short
:= X
net
3.6O =
The generator induced voltage is:
1
E
sta
o
( )
2 V
net _ln
e
j o
( )
:= E
sta
60deg ( ) 7.2 12.47j + kV =
The equivalent circuit shows that the current in this sytem is the voltage
dif f erence divided by the total system impedance
2
I
syt
o
( )
E
sta
o
( )
V
net _ln
j X
syn
Z
line
+ j X
net
+
:= I
syt
60deg ( ) 9.148 0.161jA + =
The complex power of the generator and network is
S
g
o
( )
3 E
sta
o
( )
I
syt
o
( )
:= S
g
60deg ( ) 203.614 338.751j + kV A =
S
net
o
( )
3 V
net _ln
I
syt
o
( )
:= S
net
60deg ( ) 197.587 3.48j kV A =
The power of the generator and network is
P
g
o
( )
Re S
g
o
( )
( ) := P
g
60deg ( ) 203.614kW =
P
net
o
( )
Re S
net
o
( )
( ) := P
net
60deg ( ) 197.587kW =
The generator terminal voltage is:
V
t
o
( )
E
sta
o
( )
jX
syn
I
syt
o
( )
:= V
t
60deg ( ) 7.413 0.331j + kV =
V
t _ll
o
( )
3 V
t
o
( )
:= V
t _ll
60deg ( ) 12.853kV =
Reg o
( )
V
t _ll
o
( )
V
net
V
net
:= Reg 60deg ( ) 3.072% =
The generator and network power vs power angle
o 0deg 1deg , 180deg .. :=
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
0
50
100
150
200
250
P
g
o ( )
kW
P
net
o ( )
kW
110
o
deg
Stable
operation
Unstable
operation
Maximum
power
Operation
point
Maximum power transmitted
o 60deg :=
o
max
Maximize P
g
o , ( ) := o
max
91.009deg =
P
g_max
P
g
o
max
( ) := P
g_max
236.226kW =
o
110kW
root P
g
o
( )
110kW o , ( ) := o
110kW
27.55deg =
6.4 Induced Voltage
Synchronous Reactance
Calculation
6.4 Induced Voltage and Synchronous Reactance
Calculation
f 0
2
I N N E
gap
rot sta
rot sta sta

e
t
=
f
2
0
3
I N X
gap
rot sta
sta syn

e
t
=
Figure 6.26 Rotor-generated magnetic field in the simplified generator.
A
-
B
+
-
-
+
+
-
+
S
A
+
C
+
N
-
L
rotor
L
stator
L
gap
L
gap
(D
rotor
/2) du
du
u
+
-t/2 t/2
0
L
stator
B
-
C
-
6.4.1 Induced Voltage
Amperes circuital law for this magnetic loop yields
2 H
gap
L
gap
H
rotor
L
rotor
+ H
stator
L
stator
+ I
dc_rotor
N
rotor
2 H
gap
L
gap
I
dc_rotor
N
rotor
H
gap
I
dc_rotor
( )
I
dc_rotor
N
rot or
2 L
gap
:=
B
gap
I
dc_rotor
( )

o
H
gap
I
dc_rotor
( )
:=
If iron core is neglected
B
rot or
I
dc_rotor
O ,
( )
if O 90 deg s B
gap
I
dc_rotor
( )
, B
gap
I
dc_rotor
( )
,
( )
:=
B
base
O ( ) B
base_max
cos O ( ) :=
90 60 30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270
2
1
0
1
2
B
rotor
I
dc_rotor
O ,
( )
T
0
B
base
O ( )
T
O
deg
Square wave flux equation
Figure 6.27 Rotor
generated flux
density distribution
along the rotor
surface
The base component is calculated using the Fourier series
4
t
B
gap
I
dc_rotor
( )
B
base_max
1
t
t
2
3t
2
B
rot or
I
dc_rotor
,
( )
cos
( )
(
(
(
(
]
d :=
B
base_max
I
dc_rotor
( )
4
t
B
gap
I
dc_rotor
( )
:=
Substitution of current and flux density results in:
B
base_max
I
dc_rotor
( )
4
t

o
I
dc_rotor
N
rot or
2 L
gap
:=
u
rot or
I
dc_rotor
( )
t
2
t
2
O B
base
O
( )
D
rot or
2
L
stat or
(
(
(
(
]
d :=
u
rot or
I
dc_rot or
( )
B
base_max
D
rot or
L
stat or
:=
Flux integral
Substitution of current and flux density results in:
Flux integral
u
rot or
I
dc_rotor
( )
4
t

o
I
dc_rotor
N
rot or
2 L
gap
D
rot or
L
stat or
:=
u
A
I
dc_rotor
t ,
( )
u
rot or
I
dc_rotor
( )
cos e t
( )
:=

Rotating Flux Generation
Figure 6.29 Arrangement for calculation of load current generated flux.
+ -
N
S
-
L
rotor
L
stator
L
gap
L
gap
(D
rotor
/2) du
du
u
+
-t/2 t/2
0
L
stator
B
++
C
-
C
-
+
C
-
A
- +
A
B
-
Figure 6.30 Phase A load current generated ac flux.
+
u
A_ac
(t)
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
u
A_ac
t ( )
0
e t
deg

C
+
A
+
B
+
A
-
C
-
B
-
Figure 6.31 AC flux generated by the phase currents.
+ -
+ -
+ -
u
A
(t)
u
B
(t) u
C
(t)
u
B
(t)
u
C
(t)
A
+
C
+
B
+
A
-
B
-
C
-
u
ABC
(t)
Figure 6.32 Rotating
flux generated by the
phase currents
+
-
+ -
+ -
u
A
(t)
u
B
(t)
u
C
(t)
u
B
(t)
u
C
(t)
+ -
+
+ -
u
A
(t)
u
B
(t) u
C
(t)
u
B
(t)
u
C
(t)
-
A
+
B
+
C
+
A
+
B
+
C
+
A
-
A
-
B
-
B
-
C
-
C
-
u
ABC
(0)
et = 45
et = 0
u
ABC
(t)
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
u
A_ac
t ( )
Wb
u
B_ac
t ( )
Wb
u
C_ac
t ( )
Wb
0
e t
deg
Figure 6.33 Flux linkages with phase A.
t 0ms 0.1ms ,
1
60
s .. :=
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
1
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
u
ABC
t ( )
Wb
u
AA
t ( )
Wb
u
BA
t ( )
Wb
u
CA
t ( )
Wb
0
e t
deg

Exercises using MATCAD
Transmission line Network
Transformer
Generator
E
g_ln
X
sy
X
tr
Z
Line
V
net_ln
V
g_ln
V
trs_ln
I
g I
sy
X
tr
Z
Line
V
net_ln
I
sy
E
g_s
X
sy_s
Figure 6.36 Simplified single-
phase equivalent circuit of
synchronous generator network.

Figure 6.35 Single-phase
equivalent circuit of
synchronous generator
network.
Figure 6.34 One-line
diagram of synchronous
generator network
o 0deg 1deg , 180deg .. :=
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
P
net
o ( )
M W
P
network
M W
o
deg
Figure 6.37 Power delivered to the network as a function of power angle.

Energy Conversion and Transport: George G. Karady & Keith Holbert

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10/7/2014 360 Chapter 6 Synchronous Machine 1

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