transforms electric potential or current into

higher & lower intensity through process of

electromagnetic induction.

operate only with a changing electric current
(AC).




The ratio of the
number of coil turns in
the primary winding to
the number of coil
turns in the secondary
winding is equal to the
ratio of the primary
voltage to the
secondary voltage


Transformer can increase
or decrease voltage.
Depends on ratio of the
number of turns in the two
coils

N
S
> N
P
: step-up
transformer, increases
secondary voltage

N
S
< N
P
: step-down
transformer, decreases
secondary voltage




Autotransformers (VRT)
Consists of a single coil of wire wrapped around an iron
core
Operates on principle of self-induction rather than
mutual induction
Smaller increases or decreases in secondary voltage
than normal transformers
Does not electrically isolate primary from secondary
circuit




Air-Core
insulated primary
and secondary coils are
in close proximity to
each other, no iron core
and very innefficient
- Simplest type of transformer core.


Open-Ended Core
A simple design has a core within each coil.
- this core is more
efficient than the air core
because the iron core in
each coil intensifies the
magnetic flux in both
primary and secondary coils
when they become
magnetized as current flows
through each set of coils.


Closed-Ended Core
- this type of core is
moderately efficient due
to closing the core and
layering design which
reduces power loss from
less leakage flux which
provides a continuous
path for magnetic flux
and an increase in field
strength.


Shell Type Core
- highly insulated coils,
laminated core consisting of
piles of alternating sheets of
silicon and steel on top of
each other, each have 2
rectangular holds that
minimizes the distance
between coils and maximizes
the coupling effectiveness of
the induction.


Copper Losses
-aka I^2 loss. caused by inherent resistance to
current flow found in all conductors.

-power lost due to resistance is proportional to
square of current.

- using low resistance, large diameter copper
wire can reduce loss.


Eddy Current
- result of currents opposing
cause that produces them in
accordance w/ Lenz's law.
produced in any conducting
material subjected to
changing magnetic field.
Useless currents produce
heat in core. laminating core
reduces eddy current into
thin layers.


Lenzs Law
- An induced electromotive force (emf) always gives rise to a
current whose magnetic field opposes the original change in
magnetic flux.
- Heinrich Lenz


Hysteresis Losses
- aka Lagging loss. transformer operates on and
puts out AC. happens because energy is expended
as continually changing AC current magnetizes,
demagnetizes and re-magnetizing core material.
- Continuous reorientation of magnetic dipoles
requires energy and produces heat in core, wasting
electrical power. This waste is reduced by utilizing
a laminated silicon iron core.


- (originally known as a condenser) is a passive
two-terminal electrical component used to store
energy electrostatically in an electric field. The
forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all
contain at least two electrical conductors (plates)
separated by a dielectric (i.e., insulator).