Mechanisms of an Automobile

Contents


1. Introduction
2. Basic vehicle layout
3. Mechanisms of an automobile
3.1 Power transmission
3.2 Steering mechanism
3.3 Braking system
3.4 Coolant system
3.5 Fuel injection system
4. Engine and it's types
4.1 SI engine
4.2 CI engine
5. Future advancements in
an automobile

The means of transport provided by nature to man is severely
limited in regards to the load he could carry and the distances he
could carry them as well as the speed of travel with or without a
load. Moreover, the physical exertion involved was not to his
liking. Initially, the man tamed and trained certain animals for
carrying heavier loads to greater distances at speeds higher than
the man could attain. These means of transport were also
limited with regard to the load carried and the speed as well as
distances travelled and the physical exertion involved.
Automobile has found an important place in everywhere of our
commercial and social existence .
Introduction to Automobile
In general, modern motor vehicle is a complex piece of machinery
necessitating a careful attention to make it perform in a safe,
economical and efficient manner. The automobile is essentially a
transportation equipment unit. It is made up of a frame supporting the
body and certain power developing and transmitting units. These are
further supported by tyres and, wheels, through the springs and axles.
The engine supplies the power. It is delivered by the transmission
system and rear axles through the clutch or fluid coupling to the rear
wheels. The automobile is propelled through the friction of the contact
between the road and the wheels. The various units are held together
in proper arrangement on the frame. The protection and comfort is
provided by the body of the vehicle.

Introduction to Automobile
Basic Vehicle Layout
The basic structure or the framework
The engine or power plant or source of power
The power train or the transmission system
The body or the super- structure
The auxiliaries
The controls
Components of an Automobile
This is the unit on which the other units are mounted.
It consists of:-
Frame
The Suspension system
Axles
Wheels
The Basic Structure (Chassis)
The engine provides the power to move the vehicle
The engine is classified as
- Petrol engine
- Oil engine
The Power Plant (Engine)
The transmission system consists of a
Clutch,

Gear box,

Propeller shaft, and

Differential Gear
The Transmission System
* To protect from atmospheric effect

* To streamline the vehicle
The body or the super structure
* Fuel system
* Ignition system
* Lubrication system
* Cooling system
* Electrical system
The Auxiliaries
* Footboard : clutch, brake pedal, accelerator pedal
and dimmer switch

* Dashboard : ignition switch, self-starter switch,
lighting switch, throttle control, choke control,
speedo-meter, ammeter oil gauge, fuel gauge,
temperature gauge, warning light and electric bell
switch.


Controls
AUTOMOMOBILE
COOLING SYSTEMS
Purpose of the
Cooling system
Control temperature of hot
combustion.
4000 degree temps. could
seriously damage engine parts.
Provide Heat for passenger
Compartment.
Cool trans fluid & oil.
Heat moves from warm to cold.

Cooling System Types
Air Cooling
Oil Cooling
Liquid or Water Cooled

Cooling system parts
Water jackets
Water pump
Radiators
Radiator fans
Radiator cap
Thermostat
Coolant recovery tank
Water jackets
Surrounds the cylinders with
water passage.
Absorbs heat from the cylinder
wall.
Pump move water to radiator
where heat is exchanged to the air.

Radiators
A radiator is a heat exchanger.
Tube and fin style the most
popular.
Made of copper and brass or
aluminum and plastic
Types
1 Down flow
2 Cross flow


Radiator Fans
Keeps air moving through the radiator
when the car is not moving.
Several types:
rigid,
flex (not used much anymore),
viscous clutch and electric.

Thermostat
Controls coolant temperature.
Uses a temperature sensor and a
valve.
Usually opens around 195 degrees F.

Water Pump
Non-positive displacement pump
which circulates coolant around cooling
system.
Simple impeller design.
Usually driven by drive belt from
crankshaft.

Radiator Cap
The cap allows access to the cooling system for
filling and testing.
The cap has two valves: a pressure relief valve
set at around 15 PSI and a vacuum valve which is
needed when the engine cools down.
Raises boiling point of fluid
Able to take on more heat

Coolant Recovery Tank
Keeps the coolant level full in the system at all
times.
Works in conjunction with the radiator cap.
When the engine heats up the coolant
expands and flows to the recovery tank.
When the engine coolant the coolant
contracts and creates a vacuum and draws the
fluid back into the radiator.
Reduces air in system
Reduces rust
Less need to open radiator

Coolant type
Several types of anti-freeze
available.
Ethylene glycol most common.
(its green)
Dexcool (its orange)
Propylene glycol (non-toxic)

Typical Braking System
Types of Brakes
Brake
Hydraulics
Drum Brake
Disk Brake
Parking
brake
Master Cylinder

Brake fluid and brake
line

Other Components in the
Hydraulic System.eg-
Proportioning valve or
Equalizer Valve,Pressure
Differential Valve,Electronic
Brake Force Distribution

Rotor,caliper,support and
braking pads
Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS)
power brake booster

AUTOMOBILE POWER
TRANSMISSION
POWER TRANSMITTING
DEVICES
1.CLUTCH
2.GEARBOX
3.PROPELLER SHAFT
4.DIFFERENTIAL
5.DIFFERENTIAL
Fuel injection system
Fuel injection system
Fuel injection is a system for admitting fuel into an internal combustion engine.
It has become the primary fuel delivery system used in automotive engines,
having replaced carburetors during the 1980s and 1990s. A variety of injection
systems have existed since the earliest usage of the internal combustion
engine.
The primary difference between carburetors and fuel injection is that fuel
injection atomizes the fuel by forcibly pumping it through a small nozzle under
high pressure, while a carburetor relies on suction created by intake air
accelerated through a Venturitube to draw the fuel into the airstream.
Modern fuel injection systems are designed specifically for the type of fuel
being used. Some systems are designed for multiple grades of fuel (using
sensors to adapt the tuning for the fuel currently used). Most fuel injection
systems are for gasoline or diesel applications.

Objectives
The functional objectives for fuel injection systems can vary. All share the central task
of supplying fuel to the combustion process, but it is a design decision how a particular
system is optimized. There are several competing objectives such as:
Power output
Fuel efficiency
Emissions performance
Ability to accommodate alternative fuels
Reliability
Driveability and smooth operation
Initial cost
Maintenance cost
Diagnostic capability
Range of environmental operation
Engine tuning
The modern digital electronic fuel injection system is more capable at optimizing these
competing objectives consistently than earlier fuel delivery systems (such as
carburettors). Carburettors have the potential to atomize fuel better (see Pogue and
Allen Caging patents)


Types of fuel injection system
1. Mechanical injection system
2. Electronic fuel injection system

Mechanical injection system
The fuel injection system is the most vital component in the working of CI
Engine. The engine performance is greatly dependent on the effectiveness of
the fuel injection system. The injection system has to perform the important
duty of initiating and controlling the combustion process
In this fuel injection system, the amount of fuel delivered into the air stream
going to the engine is controlled by a pump which forces the fuel under
pressure
When the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber towards the end of
compression stroke, it is atomized into very fine droplets. These droplets
vaporize due to heat transfer from the compressed air and forms fuel air
mixture. Due to continues heat transfer from hot air to the fuel the
temperature reaches a value higher than its self ignition temperature. This
causes the fuel to ignite spontaneously initiating the combustion process.
Gasoline injector
Types of mechanical fuel Ignition
system
AIR INJECTION SYSTEM
SOLID INJECTION SYSTEM
Electronic fuel injection system
Various injection schemes


Single point fuel injection system

Multi point fuel injection system

Steering system
Introduction: This system provides the
directional change in the movement of
an Automobile and maintain in a position as per
the drivers decision without
much strain on him.


Functions of steering system
1. It helps in swinging the wheels to the left or
right.
2. It helps in turning the vehicle at the will of the
driver.
3. It provides directional stability.
4. It is used to minimize the tyre wear and tear.
5. It helps in achieving self centering efforts.
6. It absorbs major part of the road shocks.


Requirements of steering system
a. It must keep the wheel at all times in to rolling motion
with out
rubbing on the road.
b. This system should associate to control the speed.
c. It must light and stable.
d. It should also absorb the road shocks.
e. It must easily be operated with less maintenance.
f. It should have self-centering action to some extent.



Davis gear mechanism
Ackermaans steering gear
mechanism
Types of
Engine
S.I.
Engine
Four
stroke
Two
stroke
C.I.
Engine
Engine and it's types
S.I. Engine
Cylinder Components
The Four stroke engine, as the name suggests, consists
of four strokes of the piston, namely
Intake Stroke
Compression Stroke
Combustion/Power Stroke
Exhaust Stroke
Working (four stroke)
Working (four stroke)
The working of two stroke engine is similar to that of
the four stroke one. The difference is the number of
strokes.
Where the Four stroke completes two cycles in four
stroke, the two stroke engine completes one cycle in
two strokes.

Working (two stroke)
Construction
Working
Difference between four stroke
and two stroke engines

The only difference between diesel engine and a four-
stroke gasoline engine is:
No sparkplug on Diesel engine.
Has a higher compression ratio i.e. (14:1 to 25:1)
Better fuel mileage.

CI engine
The CI engine consists of four strokes, namely
Intake Stroke
Compression Stroke
Power Stroke
Exhaust Stroke
Working
Piston moves from TDC to BDC
creating vacuum in the cylinder

Intake valve opens allowing only
air to enter the cylinder and
exhaust valve remains closed

Intake Stroke
Both valves stay closed
Piston moves from BDC to
TDC, compressing air to 22:1
Compressing the air to
this extent increases the
temperature inside the
cylinder to above 1000
degree F.

Compression
Stroke

Both valves stay closed

When the piston is at the end of
compression stroke(TDC) the injector
sprays a mist of diesel fuel into the
cylinder.
When hot air mixes with diesel fuel
an explosion takes place in the
cylinder.
Expanding gases push the piston
from TDC to BDC


Power Stroke

Piston moves from
BDC to TDC
Exhaust valve opens
and the exhaust gases
escape
Exhaust valve opens
and the
exhaust gases escape

Exhaust Stroke

Difference between SI and CI engines
Future advancements in
automobile
Automobile propulsion technology under development
include gasoline/electric and plug-in hybrids, battery
electric vehicles, hydrogen cars,biofuels, and
various alternative fuels. Research into future alternative
forms of power include the development of fuel
cells, Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition
(HCCI), Stirling engines,

and even using the stored energy
of compressed air or liquid nitrogen.
New materials which may replace steel car bodies
include duralumin, fiberglass, carbon fibres, and carbon
nanotubes.
Telematics technology is allowing more and more people
to share cars, on a pay-as-you-go basis, through car
share and carpool schemes.
Communication is also evolving due to connected
car systems.


Some future techniques

Autonomous cars
Communicating cars
Pre collision system
Night vision
Traction control
Active head restraints
Proximity warning system