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1) Photography involves creating a latent light-sensitive image on silver halide grains in an emulsion. Light exposure causes a chemical change in the grains, forming a latent image.
2) Developing the image involves a chemical reaction that reduces exposed silver ions to metallic silver, leaving unexposed grains unchanged. This reaction is much faster for exposed grains, allowing an image to be selectively "developed".
3) After development, residual unexposed silver halide grains are removed through a fixing process involving sodium thiosulfate, which dissolves silver halides but leaves metallic silver. This ensures the permanence of the photographic image.
1) Photography involves creating a latent light-sensitive image on silver halide grains in an emulsion. Light exposure causes a chemical change in the grains, forming a latent image.
2) Developing the image involves a chemical reaction that reduces exposed silver ions to metallic silver, leaving unexposed grains unchanged. This reaction is much faster for exposed grains, allowing an image to be selectively "developed".
3) After development, residual unexposed silver halide grains are removed through a fixing process involving sodium thiosulfate, which dissolves silver halides but leaves metallic silver. This ensures the permanence of the photographic image.
1) Photography involves creating a latent light-sensitive image on silver halide grains in an emulsion. Light exposure causes a chemical change in the grains, forming a latent image.
2) Developing the image involves a chemical reaction that reduces exposed silver ions to metallic silver, leaving unexposed grains unchanged. This reaction is much faster for exposed grains, allowing an image to be selectively "developed".
3) After development, residual unexposed silver halide grains are removed through a fixing process involving sodium thiosulfate, which dissolves silver halides but leaves metallic silver. This ensures the permanence of the photographic image.
2) The latent image 3) Developing the image 4) Fixing the image The emulsion AgNO 3 + KBr = AgBr + KNO 3 in gelatin AgBr precipitates (WHY??) and remain in the gelatin to form minute grains. AgBr is light sensitive, forming a latent image that can be developed But how?
The sensitivity of the grains are proportional to their sizes. If all the grains were the same size, there would be no shades of grey at all! Typical densities of grains are about 5 x 10 8 grains per cm 2 . If you consider a grain to be equivalent to a pixel, you see that photographic film (taken by itself) it quite a bit more capable of resolving detail than our current digital cameras.
The latent image For many years, it was thought that 2AgBr + light = Ag 2 Br + Br (the sub-haloid hypothesis). But there was never evidence of a chemical change. Less than 5 silver atoms are involved at any site!! X-ray spectroscopy finally showed that silver is liberated Br - + light Br + e
The electron then migrates to a shallow trap (called a sensitivity site). Ag + + e - Ag
Species produced include: Ag 2 + , Ag 2 o , Ag 3 + , Ag 3 o , Ag 4 + , Ag 4 o
Why doesnt it go the other way? i.e. why is it stable? The Mechanism of Development The photographic process depends upon the fact that the reaction: Ag + + e Ag (i.e. the reduction of silver ion to metallic silver by a developing solution), proceeds much more easily for an exposed silver halide grain than for an unexposed grain. The gain can be ~10 9 . Development- Continued
The reduction potential of the developer must be such that it will develop those exposed silver halide grains, but not large enough to develop them all. (A fogging developer)
What actually happens?
C 6 H 4 (OH) 2 + Na 2 SO 3 + 2AgBr +NaOH C 6 H 3 (OH) 2 SO 3 Na +2NaBr+H 2 O +2Ag
Hydroquinone sodium sulphite silver bromide sodium hydroxide hydroquinone sulphonate sodium bromide water SILVER! | | stabilizer ya gotta do something for the bromine! (plus it adjusts the pH)
Chemical velocity: T = 1 o C v chem = 10%.
Hurter and DriffieldD vs. log E Reflectivity amount of light reflected / amount of light incident = R
Transmissivity 1 R = T T = (1 amount reflected) / amount incident = (amount incident amount reflected) / amount incident = amount transmitted / amount incident
Opacity 1/ T
Density log Opacity = D
Exposure = amount of energy incident on each square centimeter of film
Question: Why do we use logarithms?
Fixing the image
The biggest problem after the invention of photography in the 1830s was the lack of permanency. You have to get rid of that remaining bromide, or eventually the photograph will go black. There are no true solvents of AgBr. When sugar is dissolved in water, and then evaporated, the sugar is recovered. This never happens with AgBr. The residue left behind is always a transformed salt. So what we need to do is make sure the transformed salt is soluble, so it can be washed away.
AgBr + Na 2 S 2 O 3 = AgNaS 2 O 3 + NaBr (only slightly soluble)
But if we have a more liberal solution of sodium thiosulphate:
2AgBr + 3 Na 2 S 2 O 3 = Ag 2 Na 4 (S 2 O 3 ) 3 + 2 NaBr (bingo!)