SISTEMAS DE PRODUCCION

EL RESERVORIO Y SU
COMPORTAMIENTO

PETROLEUM FLUIDS
GAS-OIL CONTACT
OIL-WATER CONTACT
SPILL POINT
BOTTOM WATER EDGE WATER EDGE WATER
GAS CAP
OIL ZONE
WATER ZONE
GAS
OIL
WATER WATER
CLOSURE
Typical Petroleum in Reservoirs
Types of Reservoir Fluids
The behavior of a reservoir fluid during production is
determined by the shape of its phase diagram and the
position of its critical points
Type and size of surface equipment, calculation
procedures to determine OOIP or OGIP, estimation of
reserves, selection EOR method all depend on the type
of reservoir fluids
The Five Reservoir Fluids

Black oil
Volatile oil
Gas condensate (condensate)
Wet gas
Dry gas
Phase Diagram
Bubble point pressure
The pressure at which gas bubbles start to form from liquid
Dew point pressure
The pressure at which liquid droplets start to form from gas
Quality lines
Lines of constant liquid volume fraction
Critical point
A point where gas and liquid properties are identical
Pressure path
Line of constant temperature drawn from reservoir pressure
Black Oils consist of wide variety of chemical species including
large, heavy, nonvolatile molecules. The phase diagram predictably
covers a wide temperature range.
Black Oils
Undersaturated reservoir
Reservoir pressure is above the bubble point

Saturated reservoir
Reservoir pressure is below the bubble point
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SPILL POINT
OIL
WATER WATER
Undersaturated Oil Reservoir
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OIL
Gas
-Small Vol.
- Flare or
- use as Fuel
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OIL
WATER WATER
Saturated Oil Reservoir
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OIL
Gas
- Large
- Sales
Gas
Volatile Oils contain relatively fewer heavy molecules and
more intermediates (defined as ethane through hexanes). Volatile
oils have been called high-shrinkage crude and near-critical oil
Retrograde Gases are also called retrograde condensate
gases, gas condensates, or condensates. The phase diagram of a
retrograde gas is somewhat smaller than that for oils, and the critical
points is further down the left side of the envelope
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Gas
WATER WATER
Gas Condensate Reservoir
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Condensate
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Drop
Wet Gases The entire phase diagram of a hydrocarbon mixer of
predominantly smaller molecules will lie below reservoir temperature.
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Gas
WATER WATER
Wet Gas Reservoir
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Condensate
Gas
Dry Gas is primarily methane with some intermediates.
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Gas
WATER WATER
Dry Gas Reservoir
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Gas
PROPERTIES

OF PETROLEUM FLUIDS
Properties of Oil
Specific gravity
Formation volume factor
Solution gas oil ratio
Total formation volume factor
Isothermal compressibility of oil
Viscosity of oil

Specific Gravity
w
o
o

=
5 . 131
5 . 141
=
o
o
API

Formation Volume Factor of Oil
conditions standard at oil of volume
conditions reservoir at gas) dissolved of volume oil of (volume +
=
o
B
Solution Gas Oil Ratio
conditions standard at stock tank entering oil of volume
conditions standard at surface at produced gas solution solution of volume
=
s
R
Total Formation Volume Factor
) (
s sb g o t
R R B B B + =
Isothermal Compressibility of Oil

T T
o
p
V
p
V
V
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
ln 1
Isothermal Compressibility of Oil

T T
o
p
V
p
V
V
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
ln 1
Viscosity of Oil

Properties of Gas
Compressibility factor
Density of real gas
Apparent molecular weight
Specific gravity of gas
Gas formation volume factor
Isothermal compressibility of gas
Viscosity of oil
Compressibility factor

pV = znRT



ideal
actual
V
V
z =
pc
pr
p
p
p =
pc
pr
T
T
T =

=
j
cj j pc
T y T

=
j
cj j pc
p y p
Gas Compressibility Factor
Physical Constants
Pseudocritical Pressure
Pseudocritical Pressure
Pseudocritical Temperature
Pseudocritical Temperature
Density of Gas
RT
pM
V
m
g
= =

=
j
j j a
M y M
29
g
air
g
air
g
air
g
g
M
M
M
RT
pM
RT
pM
= = = =

Specific Gravity of Gas

Apparent Molecular Weight of Gas
Gas Formation Volume Factor
sc
R
g
V
V
B =
scf
bbl res
00502 . 0
p
zT
B
g
=
scf
ft cu
0282 . 0
p
zT
B
g
=
Gas Formation Volume Factor
T
g
p
z
z p
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
1 1
T
g
p
V
V
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
1
Isothermal compressibility of gas
Isothermal compressibility of gas
Gas Viscosity
Gas Viscosity
Fluid Sampling
Subsurface Sampling
- Subsurface sampling chamber
- Repeat formation tester (RFT)
- Modular dynamic testing tool (MDT)
Surface Sampling
- Take samples of the two phases (gas and liquid)
- Recombine the two fluids

Reservoir Fluid Study (PVT Analysis)
Flash Vaporization

- A sample is placed in a laboratory cell
- Pressure is adjusted to a value equal to or greater than
initial reservoir pressure
- Temperature is set at reservoir temperature
- Pressure is reduced by increasing the volume in increments
- No gas or liquid is removed from the cell
- At each step, the pressure and volume are measured
- These measurements are used to determine fluid properties

Reservoir Fluid Study (PVT Analysis)
Differential Vaporization

- A sample is placed in a laboratory cell
- Pressure is adjusted to the bubble point pressure
- Temperature is set at reservoir temperature
- Pressure is reduced by increasing the volume in increments
- Gas is removed from the cell while the pressure is held
constant by reducing the cell volume
- At each step, the quantity and specific gravity of the gas
and the volume remained the cell are measured
- These measurements are used to determine fluid properties

Rock Properties
Porosity
Fraction of the void space in the reservoir rock
Fluid Saturation
Fraction of the pores of the rock that are filled with
specific fluids
Permeability
Ability to allow fluid to flow through interconnected
pores
Rock Compressibility
Ability of the rock to compress or expand as the
pore pressure increases or decreases


Porosity
| = porosity, fraction
V
b
= bulk volume of the reservoir rock
V
gr
= grain volume
V
p
= pore volume


b
p
b
gr b
V
V
V
V V
=

= |
Fluid Saturation
S
o
= oil saturation
S
g
= gas saturation
S
w
= water saturation
V
o
= volume of oil in the rock
V
g
= volume of gas in the rock
V
w
= volume of water in the rock
V
p
= pore volume of the rock
p
w
w
p
g
g
p
o
o
V
V
S
V
V
S
V
V
S = = =
Permeability
q = flow rate
k = permeability
A = cross sectional area
= viscosity
Ap = change in pressure
L = length
L
p kA
q
A
=

Rock Compressibility
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
p
V
V
c
p
p
r
1
c
r
= rock compressibility
V
p
= pore volume
Fluid Flow in Porous Media
Darcys law
- Linear flow
- Radial flow
Vogel model
Fetkovich model
Jones, Blount, and Glaze model
Darcys Law for Linear Flow
( )
L B
p p A k
q
o o
o
o

2 1
3
10 127 . 1
=

2
2
16
2
2
2
1
10 247 . 1 93 . 8
sc
g
sc
g
g
q
A
T L Z
q
A k
T L Z
p p
|

+ =
Darcys Law for Radial Flow
( )
( )
w e o o
wf e o
o
r r B
p p h k
q
/ ln
00708 . 0

=
( )
( )
w e o o
wf R o
o
r r B
p p h k
q
/ 472 . 0 ln
00708 . 0

=
( )
( )
w e g
wf R g
sc
r r T Z
p p h k
q
/ 472 . 0 ln
10 703
2
2
6

=

Reservoir Pressure Profile
Productivity Index (PI)
wf R
o
o
p p
q
J

=
( )
w e o o
o
o
r r B
h k
J
/ 472 . 0 ln
00708 . 0

=
2
2
wf R
g
g
p p
q
J

=
( )
w e g
g
g
r r T Z
h k
J
/ 472 . 0 ln
10 703
6

=
Vogel Equation
2
max ,
8 . 0 2 . 0 1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
R
wf
R
wf
o
o
p
p
p
p
q
q
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
8 . 0 2 . 0 1
8 . 1
b
wf
b
wf
b
b o
p
p
p
p
p J
q q
( )
wf R o o
p p J q =
For saturated reservoirs,
For undersaturated reservoirs,
Vogels Dimensionless IPR
Inflow Equation
Fetkovich Model
Jones, Blount, and Glaze Model
( )
n
wf R
p p c q
2
2
=
2
q B q A p p
wf R
+ =
Drive Mechanisms
Gas reservoirs
Volumetric depletion
Water drive
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Gas
Volumetric Depletion Gas Reservoir
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Gas
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Gas
WATER WATER
Water Drive Gas Reservoir
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Water
Gas
Drive Mechanisms

Oil reservoirs
Solution gas drive
Gas cap drive
Water drive
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OIL
Solution-Gas Drive Reservoir
High Press.
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OIL
Gas
-Small Vol.
- Flare or
- use as Fuel
OIL-WATER CONTACT
OIL
Gas-Cap Drive Reservoir
High Press.
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Temperature
OIL
Gas
- Large
- Sales
Gas
OIL-WATER CONTACT
SPILL POINT
OIL
WATER WATER
Water-Drive Undersaturated Reservoir
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OIL
Gas
-Small Vol.
- Flare or
- use as Fuel
Water
OIL-WATER CONTACT
SPILL POINT
OIL
WATER WATER
Water-Drive Saturated Reservoir
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OIL
Gas
- Large
- Sales
Gas
Water
Recovery Factor
Solution Gas Drive 5 20%
Gas Cap Drive 20 40%
Water Drive 40 60%
Compaction Drive Up to +10%
Also depend on reservoir rock and fluid
properties, development plan, and
economic conditions