THE CELL CYCLE

Mitosis and Meiosis

The Cell Cycle
Series of events that take place in a cell
leading to its division and duplication.
In cells without a nucleus (prokaryotic), the
cell cycle occurs via a process termed
binary fission.
In cells with a nucleus (eukaryotic), the cell
cycle can be divided in two periods;
Interphase and mitotic phase.
The Cell Cycle
Vital process by which a single-celled
fertilized egg develops into a mature
organism.
Process by which a single-celled fertilized
egg develops into a mature organism.
Process by which hairs, skin, blood cells
and some internal organ renewed.
The Cell Cycle
Four phases of Cell Cycle
G1 Phase
S Phase/Synthesis
G2 Phase
M Phase/Mitosis
After the cell division, each of the daughter
cell begins the interphase of a new cycle.
The Cell Cycle
The Cell Cycle
Mitosis
The process by which a eukaryotic cell separates
the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two
identical sets in two nuclei.
Followed immediately by cytokinesis, which divides
the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell
membrane into two cells containing roughly equal
shares of these cellular components.
The Cell Cycle
Mitosis and Cytokinesis together define
the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle- the
division of the mother cell into two
daughter cells, genetically identical to
each other and their parent cell.
Mitosis
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

Interphase
(occurs before mitosis begins)
Chromosomes are copied (# doubles)
Chromosomes appear as threadlike coils
(chromatin) at the start, but each
chromosome and its copy(sister
chromosome) change to sister chromatids
at end of this phase

Interphase
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CELL
MEMBRANE
Interphase
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
Prophase
(1
st
step in Mitosis)
Mitosis begins (cell begins to divide)
Centrioles (or poles) appear and begin to
move to opposite end of the cell.
Spindle fibers form between the poles.

Prophase

Spindle fibers
Sister chromatids
Centrioles
Prophase
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Spindle fibers
Centrioles
Metaphase
2
nd
step in Mitosis
Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes)
attach to the spindle fibers.

Spindle fibers
Centrioles
Metaphase
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Anaphase
(3
rd
step in Mitosis)
Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes)
separate and begin to move to opposite
ends of the cell.

Spindle fibers
Centrioles
Anaphase
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Telophase
(4th step in Mitosis)
Two new nuclei form.
Chromosomes appear as chromatin (threads
rather than rods).
Mitosis ends.
Nuclei Nuclei
Chromatin
Telophase
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Cytokinesis
occurs after mitosis

Cell membrane moves inward to create two
daughter cells each with its own nucleus
with identical chromosomes.
Significance
Development and growth
Cell replacement
Regeneration
Asexual Reproduction

Animal Mitosis -- Review

Interphase


Prophase


Metaphase


Anaphase


Telophase


Cytokinesis


Plant Mitosis -- Review

Interphase


Prophase


Metaphase


Anaphase


Telophase


Cytokinesis


27
The Cell Cycle
27
Cell Division
The process by which a parent cell divides
into two or more daughter cells.
Usually occurs as part of a larger cell
cycle.
Has 2 types:
a. Vegetative Division (mitosis)
b. Reductive Division (meiosis)
Why do you share some but not all
characters of each parent?

MEIOSIS
The source of distinction
Meiosis
Come from the Greek meaning decrease
Forms the basis for sexual reproduction
Form of nuclear division by which a diploid
parent produces four haploid daughter
cells.
Has two stages: Meiosis I and Meiosis II
Occurs for both plants and animals.
Meiosis does two things :
1. Meiosis takes a cell with two copies of
every chromosome (diploid) and makes cells
with a single copy of every chromosome
(haploid).
This is a good idea if youre going to
combine two cells to make a new
organism. This trick is accomplished by
halving chromosome number.
In meiosis, one diploid cells produces four
haploid cells.
2) Meiosis scrambles the specific forms
of each gene that each sex cell (egg or
sperm) receives.
This makes for a lot of genetic diversity.
This trick is accomplished through
independent assortment and crossing-
over.
Genetic diversity is important for the
evolution of populations and species.
Parent cell
chromosome pair
Chromosomes
copied
1
st
division - pairs split
2
nd
division produces
4 gamete cells with
the original no. of
chromosomes
STAGES OF MEIOSIS
Meiosis I : Separates
Homologous Chromosomes
Interphase
Each of the chromosomes replicate
The result is two genetically identical
sister chromatids which remain
attached at their centromeres
Prophase I
This is a crucial phase for mitosis.
During this phase each pair of chromatids
dont move to the equator alone, they match
up with their homologous pair and fasten
together (synapsis) in a group of four called a
tetrad.
Extremely IMPORTANT!!! It is during this
phase that crossing over can occur.
Crossing Over is the exchange of segments
during synapsis.
Metaphase I
The chromosomes line up at the
equator attached by their
centromeres to spindle fibers
from centrioles.
Still in homologous pairs
Anaphase I
The spindle guides the movement of the
chromosomes toward the poles
Sister chromatids remain attached
Move as a unit towards the same pole
The homologous chromosome moves toward
the opposite pole
Contrasts mitosis chromosomes appear as
individuals instead of pairs (meiosis)
Telophase I
This is the end of the first meiotic cell
division.
The cytoplasm divides, forming two new
daughter cells.
Each of the newly formed cells has half the
number of the parent cells chromosomes,
but each chromosome is already replicated
ready for the second meiotic cell division
Cytokinesis
Occurs simultaneously with telophase I
Forms 2 daughter cells
Plant cells cell plate
Animal cells cleavage furrows
NO FURTHER REPLICATION OF
GENETIC MATERIAL PRIOR TO THE
SECOND DIVISION OF MEIOSIS
Meiosis II :
Separates sister
chromatids
Proceeds similar to mitosis
THERE IS NO INTERPHASE II !
Prophase II
Each of the daughter cells forms a
spindle, and the double stranded
chromosomes move toward the
equator
Metaphase II
The chromosomes are
positioned on the metaphase
plate in a mitosis-like fashion
Anaphase II
The centromeres of sister
chromatids finally separate
The sister chromatids of each
pair move toward opposite
poles
Now individual chromosomes
Telophase II and
Cytokinesis
Nuclei form at opposite poles
of the cell and cytokinesis
occurs
After completion of
cytokinesis there are four
daughter cells
All are haploid (n)
MITOSIS vs. MEIOSIS
The Key Difference Between Mitosis and
Meiosis is the Way Chromosomes
Uniquely Pair and Align in Meiosis
Mitosis
The first (and
distinguishing)
division of meiosis
Significance
Facilitates stable sexual reproduction.
Produces genetic variety in gametes that
produces offspring.
Allows a species to maintain stability
under environmental changes.