Heat and Mass Transfer1

CHAPTER 2
CONVECTION
Dr. R. VELRAJ, PROFESSOR
ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI
HEAT TRANSFER
1. Introduction to Convection
2. Boundary Layer Concepts

CHAPTER 2 (CONVECTION) SESSION 1
IN THIS SESSION
Newtons Law of Cooling
Q = h A (T
w
T
)
Convection 1
GOVERNING LAW
h convective heat
transfer coefficient
A surface area over which
convection occurs
(T
w
T
) temperature potential difference

Flow Regimes on a flat plate
FLAT PLATE
LAMINAR
REGION
TRANSITION TURBULENT
REGION
u
u

u

u
x
y
Convection 2
CONCEPT OF BOUNDARY LAYER
u = 0 at y = 0 u = u
at y =
Laminar Region (Re < 5 x 10
5
)

FLOW REGIMES ON A FLAT PLATE
FLAT PLATE
x
y
u

u
dy
du
t =
- Shear stress
- Dynamic viscosity
(proportionality constant)
Reynolds no.
x u
= Re
Convection 3
Laminar Region

REYNOLDS NUMBER
Density, kg / m
3

u
Free Stream Velocity, m / s

x Distance from leading edge, m
Dynamic viscosity, kg / m-s
Re < 5 x 10
5
FLOW OVER FLAT PLATE
Re < 2300 FLOW THROUGH PIPE
x u
Re
Convection 4
Transition Region
5 x 10
5
< Re < 10
6
FLOW OVER FLAT PLATE
2000 < Re < 4000 FLOW THROUGH PIPE
FLAT PLATE
TRANSITION
Convection 5
Turbulent Region
FLAT PLATE
LAMINAR
SUB LAYER
BUFFER ZONE
TURBULENT CORE
x
y
Convection 6
u

u
Flow Development
FLOW THROUGH TUBE
x
y
Convection 7
UNIFORM
INLET
FLOW
BOUNDARY LAYER
FULLY
DEVELOPED
FLOW
STARTING LENGTH
x
y
Convection 8
THERMAL BOUNDARY LAYER
FLAT PLATE
T

t
T
W
Convection 9
Dimensional Analysis
Reduces the number of independent
variables in a problem.
Experimental data can be conveniently
presented in terms of dimensionless
numbers.
Buckinghams Pi theorem is used a rule of
thumb for determining the dimensionless
groups that can be obtained from a set of
variables.
Number of independent dimensionless groups
that can be formed from a set of m variables
having n basic dimensions is (m n)
Convection 10
Buckinghams Pi theorem
End of Session
QUESTIONS FOR THIS SESSION
1. What is Newtons Law of Cooling ?
2. Draw the boundary layer for a flow over a flat
plate indicating the velocity distribution in
the laminar and turbulent flow region.
3. Draw the boundary layer for flow over
through tube.
4. Define Buckinghams theorem
Convection 9
Reduces the number of independent
variables in a problem.
Experimental data can be conveniently
presented in terms of dimensionless
numbers.
Buckinghams Pi theorem is used a rule of
thumb for determining the dimensionless
groups that can be obtained from a set of
variables.
Number of independent dimensionless groups
that can be formed from a set of m variables
having n basic dimensions is (m n)
Convection 10
Buckinghams Pi theorem
Convection 11
Dimensional Analysis for Forced Convection
Consider a case of fluid flowing across a heated tube
S No. Variable Symbol Dimension
1 Tube Diameter D L
2 Fluid Density M L
-3

3 Fluid Velocity U L t
-1

4 Fluid Viscosity M L
-1
t
-1
5 Specific Heat C
p
L
2
t
-2
T
-1
6 Thermal Conductivity k M L t
-3
T
-1
7 Heat Transfer Coefficient h M t
-3
T
-1
Convection 12
There are 7 (m) variables and 4 (n) basic
dimensions.
3 (m-n) dimensionless parameters symbolized
as
1
,
2
,
3
can be formed.
Each dimensionless parameter will be formed
by combining a core group of n variables with
one of the remaining variables not in the core.
The core group will include variables with all
of the basic dimensions
Convection 13
Choosing D, , and k as the core (arbitrarily),
the groups formed is represented as:
1
= D
a

b

c
k
d
U
2
= D
e

f

g
k
h
C
p
3
= D
j

l

m
k
n
h

Since these groups are to be dimensionless, the
variables are raised to certain exponents (a, b,
c,.)
Convection 14
Starting with
1

Equating the sum of exponents of each basic
dimension to 0, we get equations for:
M 0 = b + c + d
L 0 = a 3b + d + 1 + e
T 0 = -d
t 0 = -c -3d -1
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
t
L
T t
ML
Lt
M
L
M
L t T L M
d c b
a
3 3
0 0 0 0
) ( 1
Convection 15
Solving these equations, we get:
d = 0, c = -1, b = 1, a = 1 giving

Similarly for
2

number) (Reynolds Re = =
t
UD
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
T t
L
T t
ML
Lt
M
L
M
L t T L M
i g f
e
3
2
3 3
0 0 0 0
) ( 1
Convection 16
Equating the sum of exponents
M 0 = f + g + I
L 0 = e 3f g + i + 2
T 0 = -i 1
t 0 = -g 3i -2
Solving, we get e = 0, f = 0, g = 1, i = 1 giving
number) (Prandtl Pr = =
k
C
p
t
2
Convection 17
By following a similar procedure, we can obtain

The relationship between dimensionless groups
can be expressed as F(
1
,
2
,
3
) = 0. Thus,
number) (Nusselt Nu = =
k
hD
3
t
Pr) (Re, Nu | =
Convection 18
Influence of selecting the core variables
Choosing different core variables leads to
different dimensionless parameters.
If D, , , C
p
were chosen, then the groups
obtained would be Re, Pr and St.
St is Stanton number, a non dimensional form
of heat transfer coefficient.
p
.U.C
h
Re.Pr
Nu
St
= =
Convection 19
Dimensional Analysis for Free Convection
T
S
(SURFACE)
T
(FLUID)

g
L
FLUID PROPERTIES

,, C
P
, k,
g
Free Convection on a Vertical Plate

Convection 20
Free Convection on a Vertical Plate
In free convection, the variable U is replaced by
the variables T, and g.
Pertinent Variables in Free Convection
S.No. Variable Symbol Dimension
1 Fluid Density M L
-3

2 Fluid Viscosity M L
-1
t
-1
3 Fluid Heat Capacity C
p
L
2
t
-2
T
-1
4 Fluid Thermal Conductivity k M L t
-2
T
-1
Convection 21
Pertinent Variables in Free Convection (contd.)
S.No. Variable Symbol Dimension
5
Fluid Coefficient of
Thermal Expansion
T
-1

6 Gravitational acceleration g L t
-2
7 Temperature difference T T

8 Significant length L L

9 Heat Transfer Coefficient h M t
-2
T
-1
Convection 22
Choosing L, , and k as the core (arbitrarily),
the groups formed is represented as:

1
= L
a

b

c
k
d
T

2
= L
e

f

i
k
j
g

3
= L
l

m

n
k
o
C
p

4
= L
p

q

r
k
s
h
Convection 23
Following the procedure outlined in last section,
we get:

1
= (L
2

2
k T) /
2

2
= (Lg) / k

3
= (C
p
) / k = Pr (Prandtl number)

4
= (hL) / k = Nu (Nusselt number)

Grashof Number
2
3 2
2 1
T gL
.
A |
= t t = Gr
FORCED CONVECTION

FREE CONVECTION
Convection 24
(Gr.Pr) Nu F =
Pr) (Re, Nu | =
PRANDTL NUMBER
Convection 25
k
p
c
Pr

=
Multiplying with in the numerator and denominator,
y diffusivit Thermal
y diffusivit Molecular
=
o
v
=

=
k
p
c
Pr
Pr
air
= 0.7 Pr
water
= 4.5 Pr
liquid Na
= 0.011
PRANDTL NUMBER
Convection 26
Pr = 1
h
Pr >> 1
Pr << 1
t
=
h
h
= Hydrodynamic thickness
t
= Thermal Boundary layer thickness

End of Session
1. What are the dimensionless numbers
involved in forced convection and free
convection ?
2. Define Prandtl number.
3. List the advantages of using liquid metal as
heat transfer fluid.
4. Draw the hydrodynamic and thermal
boundary layer (in the same plane) for Pr <<
1, Pr >> 1 & Pr = 1.
1. Continuity Equation
2. Momentum Equation
3. Energy Equation
Convection 27
What is
Convection 28
Laminar Momentum Equation Flat Plate
FLAT PLATE
dy
dx
u

x
y
Momentum Equation
Assumptions
1. Fluid is incompressible
2. Flow is steady
3. No pressure variations in the direction
perpendicular to the plate
4. Viscosity is constant
5. Viscous-shear forces in y direction are
negligible.
Convection 29
Laminar Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate
Convection 30
Continuity Equation
x
y
u - Velocity in x direction v - Velocity in y direction
Velocity
dy
y
v
v
c
c
+
dx
x
u
u
c
c
+
v
u
Convection 31
Continuity Equation Laminar Flat Plate
Mass flow
dx dy
x
v
v
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
vdx
udy
dy dx
x
u
u
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
Convection 32
Continuity Equation
Mass balance
Mass balance on the element yields:

Or
Mass Continuity
Equation
0
y
v
x
u
=
c
c
+
c
c
dx dy
y
v
v dy dx
x
u
u vdx udy
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+ +
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+ = +
Convection 33
Momentum Equation Laminar Flat Plate
x
y
Pressure Forces
p - Pressure
dy dx
x
p
p
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+ dy . p
Convection 34
x
y
(
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
dy
y
u
y y
u
dx .
Shear Stresses
y
u
. dx .
c
c
- Dynamic viscosity
Convection 35
Newtons 2
nd
Law
( )
t
=
d
mV d
F
x
x
Momentum flux in x direction is the product of
mass flow through a particular side of control
volume and x component of velocity at that point
Convection 36
Momentum flux
dy dx
x
u
u
2
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
( ). u udy
dx dy
y
u
u dy
y
v
v
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
( ). u vdx
Convection 37
Momentum and Force Analysis
Net pressure force

Net Viscous-Shear force
dxdy
x
p
c
c
dxdy
y
u
2
2
c
c
Convection 38
Equating the sum of viscous-shear and pressure forces
to the net momentum transfer in x direction, making
use of continuity relation and neglecting second order
differentials:
x
p
y
u
y
v
v
x
u
u
2
2
c
c
c
c
=
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
Convection 39
Energy Equation Assumptions
1. Incompressible steady flow
2. Constant viscosity, thermal conductivity and
specific heat.
3. Negligible heat conduction in the direction of flow
(x direction).
FLAT PLATE
dy
dx
u

x
y
Convection 40
Energy Equation Laminar Flat Plate
x
y
dy
dx
Energy convected in
(left face + bottom face)
+ heat conducted in
bottom face +
net viscous work done on
element
Energy convected out in
(right face + top face)
+
heat conducted out
from top face
Convection 41
x
y
Energy Convected
dy dx
x
T
T dx
x
u
u c
p
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
uTdy c
p
vTdx c
p
dx dy
y
T
T dy
y
v
v c
p
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
Convection 42
x
y
Heat Conducted
y
T
kdx
c
c
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
dy
y
T
y y
T
kdx
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
dy
y
u
. dx
y
u
Net Viscous Work
Convection 43
Net Viscous Work
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
dy
y
u
. dx
y
u
dxdy
y
u
2
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
Convection 44
Writing energy balance corresponding to the
quantities shown in figure, assuming unit depth in the
z direction, and neglecting second-order differentials:
dxdy
y
v
x
u
T
y
T
v
x
T
u c
p
(
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
dxdy
y
u
dxdy
y
T
k
2
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
Convection 45
Using the continuity relation and dividing the whole
equation by c
p

for Low Velocity incompressible flow

2
p
2
2
y
u
c
y
T
y
T
v
x
T
u
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
o =
c
c
+
c
c
2
2
y
T
y
T
v
x
T
u
c
c
o =
c
c
+
c
c
Convection 46
Energy Equation & Momentum Equation
2
2
y
T
y
T
v
x
T
u
c
c
o =
c
c
+
c
c
2
2
y
u
y
u
v
x
u
u
c
c
v =
c
c
+
c
c
Energy Equation

Momentum Equation
(constant pressure)
The solution to the two equations will
have exactly the same form when =
End of Session
1. What is the momentum equation for the
laminar boundary layer on a flat plate?
2. What are the assumptions involved in
derivation of momentum equation?
3. Write the energy equation for laminar
boundary layer on a flat plate
4. Explain the analogy between momentum and
energy equation.
Convection 47
Integral form of Momentum Equation
Integral form of Momentum equation can be
obtained using Von Krmn method:

(for constant pressure condition)
0 y
w
0
y
u
udy ) u u (
dx
d
=
o
(
c
c
= t =
}
Convection 48
Polynomial equation for velocity

Boundary Conditions
3
4
2
3 2 1
y C y C y C C u + + + =
0 y at = =0 u o = =

y at u u
o = =
c
c
y at 0
y
u
0 0
y
u
2
2
= =
c
c
y at
Convection 49
Applying the boundary conditions, we get

Substituting,

Velocity Equation
3
y
2
1 y
2
3
u
u
|
.
|
\
|
o
o
=
o
=

u
2
3
C
2
0 C
1
=
0 C
3
=
3
4
u
2
1
C
o
=

Convection 50
Using expression for velocity in integral equation,

Carrying out integration leads to
0 y
0
3 3
2
y
u
dy
y
2
1 y
2
3
1
y
2
1 y
2
3
u
dx
d
=
o
(
c
c
=
|
.
|
\
|
o
+
o
|
.
|
\
|
o
}
o
=
|
.
|
\
|
o

u
2
3
u
280
39
dx
d
2
Convection 51
Since and u
are constants, the variables may be

separated to give
dx
u 13
140
dx
u 13
140
d

v
=
= o o
const
u
x
13
140
2
2
+
v
=
o
Convection 52
At x=0, =0; so

Writing in terms of Reynolds number

BL thickness in terms of
Reynolds number

Exact solution of BL equation
2 / 1
x
Re
64 . 4
x
=
o
v
=
o
u
x
64 . 4
x
2 / 1
x
Re
0 . 5
x
=
o
Convection 53
Integral form of Energy Equation
FLAT PLATE
T

t
T
W
wall
y
T
k
A
q
(
(
c
c
=
Convection 54
Polynomial equation for temperature

Boundary Conditions
3
4
2
3 2 1
y C y C y C C + + + = u
0 y at = =
w
T T
t
T T o = =

y at
t
0
y
T
o = =
c
c
y at
0 0
y
T
2
2
= =
c
c
y at
Convection 55
3
t t
y
2
1 y
2
3
|
|
.
|
\
|
o
o
=
u
u
Applying boundary conditions

Integral form of Energy Equation is given by:
| |
0 y
H
0
y
T
udy ) T T (
dx
d

=
(
o
o
o =
}
Convection 56
Integral form of Energy Equation is given by:

Writing in terms of ,
| |
0 y
H
0
y
T
udy ) T T (
dx
d

=
(
o
o
o =
}
| |
0 y
H
0
y
udy ) (
dx
d

=
(
o
ou
o = u u
}
Convection 57
Where,

Using temperature & velocity profile equation in LHS
|
.
|
\
|
o
o
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
o
+
o
u =
}
dy
y
2
1 y
2
3 y
2
1 y
2
3
1 (
dx
d
u
3
H
0
3
t t
t
0 y
2
3
y
T
o
ou
=
(
(
c
c
o

=
Convection 58
Performing algebraic manipulation and making the
substitution (zeta) =
t
/
o,
ou
=
(
|
.
|
\
|
, , o u

2
3
280
3
20
3
dx
d
u
4 2
3 / 1
t
Pr
026 . 1
1

= , =
o
o
Convection 59
Heat Transfer Coefficient
wall
"
y
T
k q
A
q
(
(
c
c
=
) T T ( h q
w
"
=
Combining these equations,
c c
=
T T
) y / T ( k
h
w
wall
Convection 60
Making an energy balance at the surface,

solving,

Local
Nusselt
Number

,o
=
o
=
c c
=
k
2
3 k
2
3
T T
) y / T ( k
h
t w
w
2 / 1
x
3 / 1
x
Re Pr 332 . 0 Nu =
End of Session
1. What is the assumption made by Von Karmen to
solve the integral momentum equation ?
2. Write the velocity profile and the temperature
profile equation used by Von Karmen in solving the
momentum and energy equation
3. Write the equation to determine hydrodynamic &
thermal boundary layer thicknesses
Part 14
CONVECTION
FORCED CONVECTION
(FLOW OVER A FLAT PLATE)

CORRELATIONS
Convection 61
Heat Transfer Coefficient
wall
"
y
T
k q
A
q
(
(
c
c
= =
) T T ( h q
w
"
=
Combining these equations,
c c
=
T T
) y / T ( k
h
w
wall
Convection 62
Nusselt Number
Making an energy balance at the surface,

Using expression for
T

Introducing Nusselt no.
Local
Nusselt Number

t w
w
k
2
3
T T
) y / T ( k
h
o
=
c c
=
2 / 1
x
3 / 1
x
Re Pr 332 . 0 Nu =
2 / 1
3 / 1
x
x
u
Pr k 332 . 0 h
|
.
|
\
|
v
=

k
x h
Nu
x
x
=
Convection 63
Nusselt Number
Ratio of temperature gradients by conduction and
convection at the surface
k
hL
Nu Number, Nusselt =
Nusselt Number is an indicative of temperature
gradient at the wall in the normal direction
Convection 64
Nusselt Number
Average Nusselt number is obtained from
L x
L
0
L
0
x
h 2
dx
dx h
h
=
= =
}
}
L x
x
Nu 2
k
L h
Nu
=
= =

Average
Nusselt
Number
2 / 1
L
3 / 1
x
Re Pr 664 . 0
k
L h
Nu = =

Convection 65
Use of Correlations
1. External Flow
Flow over a Flat Plate
Flow across cylinder
Flow across sphere
Flow across bank of tubes
2. Internal Flow
Flow through tubes & ducts
Convection 66
Use of Correlations
Separate correlations are available for
Laminar
Constant temperature surfaces
Constant heat flux boundary condition
Turbulent
Constant temperature surfaces
Constant heat flux boundary condition
Combined laminar & turbulent conditions

Special correlations are available for liquid metals
Convection 67
Fluid Friction and Heat Transfer
Shear stress at the wall may be
expressed in terms of friction
coefficient C
f
:

Also,

Using velocity distribution
equation,
2
u
C
2
f w

= t
w
w
y
u
(
(
c
c
= t
o
= t

u
2
3
w
Convection 68
Making use of relation for boundary layer thickness:

Combining equations,
2 / 1
w
x
u
64 . 4
u
2
3
|
|
.
|
\
|
v
= t

2 / 1
x
2
2 / 1
fx
Re 332 . 0
u
1
x
u
64 . 4
u
2
3
2
C

|
|
.
|
\
|
v
=
Convection 69

The equation may be rewritten as:

Where,
2 / 1
x
3 / 2
p
x
x
x
Re Pr 332 . 0
u c
h
Pr Re
Nu

=
2 / 1
x
3 / 2
x
Re 332 . 0 Pr St

=
=
u c
h
St
p
x
x
2 / 1
x
3 / 1
x
Re Pr 332 . 0 Nu =
Convection 70

Reynolds-Colburn Analogy

2
C
Pr St
fx
3 / 2
x
=
2 / 1
x
fx
Re 332 . 0
2
C

=
End of Session
1. What is the significance of Nusselt Number
2. What is the relationship between local and
average Nusselt number for a flow over a flat plate
in the laminar region ?
3. What is drag coefficient ?
4. Why separate correlations are available for liquid
metals ?
5. What is Reynolds-Colburn analogy ?

Part 15
CONVECTION
FORCED CONVECTION
(FLOW OVER A FLAT PLATE)

PROBLEMS
Convection 71
Example Mass flow and BL thickness
Calculate
Boundary Layer Thickness at x = 20 cm & 40 cm
Mass flow which enters the boundary layer between
x=20 cm and x = 40 cm.
Assume unit depth in z direction.
FLAT PLATE
AIR
2 m/s, 27 C, 1 atm

1.85x10
-5
kg/m.s
x
y
Convection 72

Density of Air

Reynolds number

When x = 20 cm, Re = 27,580
When x = 40 cm, Re = 55,160
3
m / kg 77 . 1
RT
p
= =
p = 1.0132 x 10
5
R = 287 T = 300 K
= 1.177 kg/m
3
u = 2 ms
-1
= 1.85x10
-5

=
ux
Re
Convection 73
Boundary Layer Thickness

When x = 20 cm, = 0.00559 m
When x = 40 cm, = 0.0079 m
Re = 27,580 when x = 20 cm (calculated)
Re = 55,160 when x = 40 cm (calculated)
2 / 1
x
Re
64 . 4
x
=
o
Convection 74
Mass flow entering the Boundary Layer

Velocity, u is given by

Evaluating the integral with this velocity distribution,
}
o
0
dy . u .
(
|
.
|
\
|
o
o
=

3
y
2
1 y
2
3
u u
o =
(
|
.
|
\
|
o

o
}
u
8
5
dy
y
2
1 y
2
3
u
0
3
Convection 75
Mass flow entering the Boundary Layer
( )
20 40
u
8
5
m o o = A

= 1.177 kg/m
3
u
=2 m/s
40
= 0.0079 m
20
= 0.00559 m
kg/s
3
10 x 399 . 3 m

= A
Convection 76
Example Isothermal flat plate (heated)
Plate is heated over its entire length to 60 C
Calculate
Heat Transferred
(a) at the first 20 cm of the plate
(b) at the first 40 cm of the plate
Flat Plate, T = 60 C
AIR
2 m/s, 27 C, 1 atm

= 1.85x10
-5
kg/m.s
x
y
Convection 77
Formulae Used

Heat Flow

Nusselt No.

Reynolds No.
All properties are evaluated at film temperature
2 / 1
x
3 / 1
x
x
Re Pr 332 . 0
k
x h
Nu = =
v
=

x u
Re
) T T .( A . h q
w
=
Convection 78
Film Temperature

=17.36x10
-6
m
2
/s Pr = 0.7
k=0.02749 W/mC c
p
=1.006 kJ/kg K
K 5 . 316 C 5 . 43
2
60 27
T
f
= =
+
=
Properties of air at Film Temperature:

Convection 79
At x = 20 cm
Reynolds No.

Nusselt No.

Heat Transfer
Coefficient

u
= 2 m/s T
f
= 316.5 K
= 17.36x10
-6
m
2
/s Pr = 0.7
k = 0.02749 W/mC c
p
=1.006 kJ/kg K
Substituted
Values

041 , 23
x u
Re =
v
=

74 . 44 Re Pr 332 . 0 Nu
2 / 1
x
3 / 1
x
= =
C m / W 15 . 6
x
k
Nu h
2
x x
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
Convection 80
At x = 20 cm

Heat Flow

h = 6.15 W/m
2
K T
w
= 60 C
A = 0.2 m
2
T
= 27 C
Substituted
Values

) T T .( A . h q
w
=
W 81.18 q=
K . m / W 3 . 12 h . 2 h
2
L
= =
Convection 81
At x = 40 cm
Reynolds No.

Nusselt No.

Heat Transfer
Coefficient

u
= 2 m/s T
f
= 316.5 K
= 17.36x10
-6
m
2
/s Pr = 0.7
k = 0.02749 W/mC c
p
=1.006 kJ/kg K
Substituted
Values

082 , 46
x u
Re =
v
=

28 . 63 Re Pr 332 . 0 Nu
2 / 1
x
3 / 1
x
= =
C m / W 349 . 4
x
k
Nu h
2
x x
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
Convection 82
At x = 40 cm

Heat Flow

h = 4.349 W/m
2
K T
w
= 60 C
A = 0.4 m
2
T
= 27 C
Substituted
Values

) T T .( A . h q
w
=
W 114.8 q=
K . m / W 698 . 8 h . 2 h
2
L
= =
End of Session

Calculate:
Boundary Layer Thickness & Drag Coefficient at a
distance of 0.61 m from leading edge of plate
AIR
T = 37.8 C
u = 0.915 m/s

= 1.126 kg/m
3
= 0.167x10
-4
m
2
/s
Flat Plate
X = 0.61 m
y
Leading
Edge
1
End of Session

Calculate:
Local heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer
for 0.61 m length taking width of plate as 1 m
2
AIR
T = 65.6 C
u = 0.915 m/s

= 0.223x10
-4
m
2
/s
k = 0.0313 W/mK

Flat Plate at 121.1 C
y
X = 0.61 m
Part 21
CONVECTION
FORCED CONVECTION
(EXTERNAL FLOW)

CORRELATIONS &
PROBLEMS
Convection 83
CORRELATIONS EXTERNAL FLOW
FLAT PLATE

Laminar Flow
333 . 0
0
333 . 0 5 . 0
x x
] 75 . 0 ) x / x ( 1 .[ Pr Re 332 . 0 Nu

=
x L
Nu 2 Nu =
Flat Plate
Leading
Edge
X
0
h
FLAT PLATE
Turbulent Flow (Fully turbulent from leading edge)

Combined Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Convection 84
33 . 0 8 . 0
x x
Pr Re 0296 . 0 Nu =
33 . 0 8 . 0
L
Pr Re 037 . 0 Nu =
| |
333 . 0 8 . 0
L L
Pr A Re 037 . 0 Nu =
5 . 0
cr
8 . 0
cr
Re 664 . 0 Re 037 . 0 A =
CYLINDER
Generalised Equation
Nu
D
Nusselt number based on diameter
All properties to be taken at film temperature
Convection 85
333 . 0 m
D D
Pr Re C Nu =
Re
D
C m
0.4 4 0.989 0.330
4.0 40 0.911 0.385
40 4000 0.683 0.466
4000 40000 0.193 0.618
TUBE BANKS
Convection 86
INLINE

S
t
STAGGERED

S
L
S
t
S
L
S
L
TUBE BANKS
Convection 87
333 . 0 n
Pr Re c 13 . 1 Nu =
For N 10
10 N 1
Nu c Nu
>
=
1 N 10
Re to be calculated based on max. fluid velocity V
max

INLINE

STAGGERED

where
| |

= u . ) D S /( S V
T T max
| |

= u ) D S ( 2 / S V
D L max

| |
5 . 0
2
T
2
L D
) 2 / S ( S S + =
TUBE BANKS (INLINE)
Convection 88
For 10 ROWS or MORE
S
T
/
D
S
L
/ D
1.25 1.5 2.0 3.0
C n C n C n C n
1.25 0.35 0.59 0.28 0.608 0.1 0.704 0.063 0.75
1.5 0.37 0.586 0.25 0.62 0.1 0.702 0.068 0.74
2 0.42 0.57 0.29 0.60 0.23 0.632 0.198 0.65
3 0.29 0.60 0.357 0.584 0.37 0.581 0.286 0.61
TUBE BANKS (STAGGERED)
Convection 89
For 10 ROWS or MORE
S
T
/
D
S
L
/ D
1.25 1.5 2.0 3.0
C n C n C n C n
0.6 - - - - - - .213 .636
1 - - .497 .558 - - - -
1.5 .451 .568 .46 .562 .452 .568 .488 .568
3 .31 .592 .356 .58 .44 .562 .421 .574
TUBE BANKS ( C
1
values )
Convection 90

For LESS than 10 ROWS

ST STAGGERED
IN INLINE
N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ST .68 .75 .83 .89 .92 .95 .97 .98 .99 1
IN .64 .8 .87 .9 .92 .94 .96 .98 .99 1
10 N 1
Nu c Nu
>
=
CALCULATE
Heat Transfer Coefficient for full length of plate
Rate of Energy Dissipation from the plate
Convection 91
Example Heated Flat Plate
Flat Plate at 90 C
y
X
AIR
T = 0 C
u = 75 m/s

45 cm LONG, 60 cm WIDE
Assume transition takes place at Re
X, C
= 5 x 10
5
Properties of air at Film Temperature

Critical Length (distance at which transition takes place)
Convection 92
Film Temperature

u
= 75 m/s =17.45x10
-6
m
2
/s
k=2.8 x 10
-2
W/mC Pr = 0.698
K 318 C 45
2
0 90
T
f
= =
+
=
5
c
c
10 5
x u
Re =
v
=

cm 11.6 x
c
=
Convection 93

Heat Transfer
Coefficient

u
= 75 m/s L = 0.45 m
= 17.45x10
-6
m
2
/s Pr = 0.698
k = 2.8 x 10
-2
W/mC
Substituted
Values

6
L
10 93 . 1
L u
Re =
v
=

| | 2732 Pr 870 Re 037 . 0 Nu
3 / 1 5 / 4
L L
= =
C m / W 170
L
k
Nu h
2
L L
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
Convection 94
RATE OF ENERGY DISSIPATION FROM THE PLATE
h
L
= 170 W/m
2
K A = 0.45 x 0.6 m
2
T
S
= 90 C T
= 0 C
Substituted
Values

) T T ( A h 2 Q
S L
=
kW 8.262 Q=
End of Session
1. Air at 1 atm and 35
0
C flows across 5.9 cm diameter
cylinder at a velocity of 50m/s. The cylinder surface is
maintained at a temperature of 150
0
C. Calculate the
heat loss per unit length of the cylinder.

2. A fine wire having a diameter of 3.94 X 10
-5
m is
placed in a 1 atm airstream at 25
0
C having a flow
velocity of 50 m/s perpendicular to the wire. An
electric current is passed through the wire, raising its
surface temperature to 50
0
C. Calculate the heat loss
per unit length.

Part 22
CONVECTION
FORCED CONVECTION
CORRELATIONS &
PROBLEMS
CALCULATE
Heat lost while standing in the wind
Convection 95
Example Flow over Cylinder
D = 30 cm
AIR
T = 10 C
u = 36 km/h

H = 1.7 m
T
S
= 30 C
Assume a man (represented as a cylinder) standing in
the direction of wind


Reynolds Number
Convection 96
Film Temperature

= 15x10
-6
m
2
/s k = 2.59 x 10
-2
W/mC
Pr = 0.707
K 393 C 20
2
10 30
T
f
= =
+
=
5
D
10 2
D u
Re =
v
=

u
= 10 m/s
D = 0.3 m
Convection 97

Rate of Heat Lost
Re
D
= 2 x 10
5
Pr = 0.707
k = 2.59 x 10
-2
W/mC
T
S
= 30 C T
= 10 C
Substituted
Values

7 . 444 Pr Re 027 . 0 Nu
333 . 0 805 . 0
D D
= =
C m / W 39 . 38
D
k
Nu h
2
D D
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
kW 2 . 1 ) T T ( A h Q
S D
= =

CALCULATE
Total heat transfer per unit length for tube
bank and the exit air temperature
Convection 98
Example Flow through Tube Banks
AIR
1 atm, 10 C
u = 7 m/s

15 ROWS HIGH
5 ROWS DEEP
S
L
= S
T
= 3.81 cm
Heating of air with in-line tube bank

S
L
T
surface
= 65C

S
T

Constants for use ( C & n ) from table
Convection 99
Film Temperature

= 1.894 x 10
-5
kg/ms = 1.137 kg/m
3
k = 0.027 W/mC Pr = 0.706
K 5 . 310 C 5 . 37
2
10 65
T
f
= =
+
=
5 . 1
54 . 2
81 . 3
D
S
L
= =
C = 0.25
n = 0.62
5 . 1
54 . 2
81 . 3
D
S
T
= =
Convection 100
Maximum
Velocity

D = 0.0254 m S
T
= 3.81 u
= 7 m/s n = 0.62
= 1.894 x 10
-5
kg/ms = 1.137 kg/m
3
c = 0.25 k = 0.027 W/mC

| | s / m 21 u . ) D S /( S V
T T max
= =

020 , 32
D V
Re
max
=
=
35 . 155 Re c Nu
n
= =
C m / W 14 . 165 D / ) k . Nu ( h
2
D
= =
Convection 101

Heat Transferred
m / m 985 . 5 DL N A
2
= t =
) T T ( hA Q
w
=
Correction Factor ( C
1
) = 0.92 (from table)
Total heat transfer surface area (assuming unit length)
N = 15 D = 0.0254 m L = 1m
Convection 102
) T T ( mc
2
T T
T hA Q
1 , 2 , p
2 , 1 ,
w

=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
Subscripts 1 & 2 denote entrance & exit temperatures

Substituting
s / kg 99 . 4 S ) 15 ( u m
L
= =

3
m / kg 246 . 1 ) RT /( p = =

C 08 . 19 T
2 ,
=
Convection 103
Heat Transferred
m / W 6 . 45 ) T T ( mc Q
1 , 2 , p
= =

Convection 104
Mixing Cup Temperature / Bulk Mean Temperature
is the temperature, the fluid would assume if placed in a
mixing chamber and allowed to come to equilibrium.
INTERNAL FLOW
UNIFORM
INLET
FLOW
BOUNDARY LAYER
FULLY
DEVELOPED FLOW
STARTING LENGTH
}
=
A
p z m p m
TdA c v T c ) Av (
INTERNAL FLOW
}
=
A
z m
dA v
A
1
v
}
}
=
A
z
A
z
m
dA v
TdA v
T
}
}
t
t
=
0
0
r
0
z
r
0
z
m
dr . r 2 . v
dr . r 2 . T v
T
Where,

}
=
A
z
m
m
TdA v
Av
1
T
}
=
A
p z m p m
TdA c v T c ) Av (
for
CIRCULAR
DUCT
}
=
R
0
z
m
2
m
dr . r . T . v
u R
2
T
Convection 105
Convection 106
INTERNAL FLOW
2
2
r
r
u
r
u
v
x
u
u
c
c
v =
c
c
+
c
c
Momentum Equation
(constant pressure)

Energy Equation
(
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
r
T
r
1
r
T
c
k
x
T
u
2
2
p
For Slug flow
(
c
c
+
c
c
o =
c
c
r
T
r
1
r
T
x
T
u
2
2
CALCULATE
Air side heat transfer coefficient across the
tube bundle
Convection
AIR
T
= 15 C
u
= 6 m/s

7 ROWS in
direction of flow
S
L
= S
T
= 20.5 mm
Water passing through Staggered tube bank

T
surface
= 70C

S
L
1
End of Session
2. What is bulk mean temperature or
mixing cup temperature ?
3. What is slug flow ?
4. Write the momentum and energy
equation for the flow through a tube.
Part 23
CONVECTION
FORCED CONVECTION
(INTERNAL FLOW)

CORRELATIONS &
PROBLEMS
Convection 107
CORRELATIONS INTERNAL FLOW
Properties to be evaluated at Bulk Mean Temperature
T
m
= (T
mi
+ T
mo
) / 2
T
mi
Mean Temperature at inlet
T
mo
Mean Temperature at outlet

LAMINAR FLOW
Fully developed Thermal Layer
Constant Wall Temperature

Constant Heat Flux
D L >> = , 66 . 3 Nu
0.6 Pr > = , 36 . 4 Nu
Convection 108
LAMINAR FLOW (contd.)
Entry region
(Hydrodynamic layer fully developed, thermal layer developing)

Simultaneous development of hydrodynamic & thermal layers
67 . 0
D
D
Pr] Re ) L / D [( 04 . 0 1
Pr Re ) L / D ( 0668 . 0
66 . 3 Nu
+
+ =
8 . 0
D
D
] x / D . Pr [Re 16 . 0 1
) x / D . Pr (Re 104 . 0
66 . 3 Nu
+
+ =
0.7 Pr >
0.6 Pr >
Convection 109
TURBULENT FLOW
Fully Developed flow (Dittus-Boelter equation)

n = 0.4 for heating of fluids / n = 0.3 for cooling of fluids
0.6 < Pr < 100, 2500 < Re < 1.25 x 10
6
; L/D > 60

Fully Developed flow (Sieder-Tate equation)

0.7 < Pr < 16,700 ; Re
D
10,000 ; L / D 60
n 8 . 0
D
Pr Re 023 . 0 Nu=
( )
14 . 0
w m
n 8 . 0
D
/ Pr Re 027 . 0 Nu =
CALCULATE
1. Reynolds number 2. Heat Transfer Coefficient
3. Difference between wall temperature and bulk (mean)
temperature.
Convection 110
Example 1
Water flowing through pipe with
constant wall heat flux

D
outer
= 2 cm
WATER
T = 25 C
m = 0.01 kg/s
Constant Wall Heat Flux
q
s
= 1 kW/m
2
Properties of water at 25 C

< 2300. Flow is LAMINAR

For Constant Heat Flux
Convection 111
= 8.96 x 10
-4
kg/ms k = 0.6109 W/mC
364 . 4 Nu
D
=
Example 1
709
uD
Re =
=
s kg/m
2
8 . 31
) 01 . 0 (
01 . 0
A
m
u
2
=
t
= =

C m / W 3 . 133 D / ) k . Nu ( h
2
D D
= =
D = 0.02 m
Difference between Wall Temperature and Bulk
(mean) Temperature
Convection 112
Example 1
) T T ( h q
m s
' '
s
=
C 5 . 7
3 . 133
1000
h
q
T T
' '
s
m s
= = =
CALCULATE
Average heat transfer coefficient by using Sieder-
Tate equation
Convection 113
Example 2
Water flowing through Copper Tube
with constant wall temperature

D
outer
= 2.2 cm
WATER
T
initial
= 15 C
T
final
= 60 C
u = 2 m/s
T
s
= 95 C

Properties of water

Convection 114
Bulk (mean) Temperature

= 0.69 x 10
-3
N.s/m
2
= 990 kg/m
3
k = 0.63 W/mC c
p
= 4160 J/kg.K
D = 0.022 m
K 5 . 310 C 5 . 37
2
60 15
T
f
= =
+
=
Example 2
63213
uD
Re =
=
56 . 4
k
c
Pr
p
=
=
Convection 115
= 0.69 x 10
-3
N.s/m
2
= 990 kg/m
3
k = 0.63 W/mC c
p
= 4160 J/kg.K
s
= 0.3 x 10
-3
N.s/m
2
D = 0.022 m
Example 2
84 . 346 (Pr) ) (Re 027 . 0 Nu
14 . 0
s
3 / 1 5 / 4
D D
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
C m / W 9932 D / ) k . Nu ( h
2
D D
= =
Estimate the heat leakage per meter length per unit
temperature difference.
Convection 116
Example 3
Heat Leakage from an air
conditioning duct

400 X 800 mm
AIR
T = 20 C
u = 7 m/s
Properties of air

Equivalent or Hydraulic Diameter

Assuming pipe wall temperature to be higher than air
temperature, then Nusselt number is given by:
Convection 117
= 15.06 x 10
-6
m
2
/s = 7.71 x 10
-2
m
2
/h
k = 0.0259 W/mK
703 . 0 / Pr = o v =
Example 3
4
10 7 . 23
uD
Re =
v
= m 571 . 0
) 8 . 0 4 . 0 ( 2
) 8 . 0 4 . 0 ( 4
P
A 4
D
h
=
+
= =
38 . 398 Pr Re 023 . 0 Nu
4 . 0 5 / 4
D
= =

Heat Leakage per unit length per unit temperature
difference:

Convection 118
Nu
D
= 398.38 k = 0.0259 W/mK
D = 0.571 m
Example 3
C m / W 07 . 18 D / ) k . Nu ( h
2
D D
= =
( ) C W/m = = = 37 . 43 2 . 1 2 07 . 18 hP Q
CALCULATE
1. Heat transfer coefficient
2. Total amount of heat transferred
Convection
Questions
Water flowing through
a heated tube

D
outer
= 1.5 cm
L = 3 m
WATER
T
initial
= 50 C
T
final
= 64 C
u = 1 m/s
T
s
= 90 C

1
CALCULATE
Heat transfer coefficient of air
Convection
Questions
Air flowing through annulus

ID = 3.125 cm
OD = 5 cm
AIR
T
initial
= 16 C
T
final
= 32 C
u = 30 m/s
T
surface
(of inner tube) = 50 C

2
Part 24
CONVECTION
FREE CONVECTION
Free Convection Boundary Layer
Heated Vertical Plate
Convection 119
T
s
T
y
T

u(y)

t
VELOCITY
BOUNDARY
LAYER
THERMAL
BOUNDARY
LAYER
y, v
x, U
T
,

g
Free Convection Governing Equations

Continuity Equation

X Momentum Eqn.

Energy Equation
0
y
v
x
u
=
c
c
+
c
c
Convection 120
2
2
y
u
g
x
p 1
y
u
x
u
u
c
c
v +
c
c
=
c
c
v +
c
c
2
2
p
y
T
c
k
y
T
x
T
u
c
c
=
c
c
v +
c
c
Free Convection
X Momentum Equation

u0,

(density outside boundary layer)

Convection 121
2
2
y
u
g
x
p 1
y
u
x
u
u
c
c
v +
c
c
=
c
c
v +
c
c
g
x
p
=
c
c
2
2
y
u
) (
g
y
u
x
u
u
c
c
v +
=
c
c
v +
c
c
Free Convection
X Momentum Equation
Convection 122
2
2
y
u
) (
g
y
u
x
u
u
c
c
v +
=
c
c
v +
c
c
| =
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
p
T
p 1
) T T ( | =

2
2
y
u
) T T ( g
y
u
x
u
u
c
c
v + | =
c
c
v +
c
c
T A | = A
Free Convection
Volumetric Coefficient of thermal expansion,
Convection 123
p
T
1
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
= |
T
1
RT
p 1
2
=
= |
2
p
RT
p
T
1
T R
p
T
=
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
=
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
RT / p =
Free Convection
Convection 124
2
2
y
u
) T T ( g
y
u
x
u
u
c
c
v + | =
c
c
v +
c
c
0
y
v
x
u
=
c
c
+
c
c
2
2
y
T
y
T
x
T
u
c
c
o =
c
c
v +
c
c
Summarizing the governing equations,
Free Convection
Convection 125
2
*
* 2
L
*
2
0
s
*
*
*
*
*
*
y
u
Re
1
T
u
L ) T T ( g
y
u
x
u
u
c
c
+
|
=
c
c
v +
c
c

L
x
x
*
=
2
*
* 2
L
*
*
*
*
*
*
y
T
Pr Re
1
y
T
x
T
u
c
c
=
c
c
v +
c
c
Identification of Dimensionless Groups
L
y
y
*
=
*
0
*
u
u
u =
=
T T
T T
T
*
*
0
y
v
x
u
*
*
*
*
=
c
c
+
c
c
Free Convection
2
L
L
2
0
2
s
3
2
0
s
Re
Gr
) / Lu (
/ ) T T ( L g
u
L ) T T ( g
=
v
v |
=
|

Rearranging

Where,
2
s
3
) T T ( L g
v
|
=

Gr number, Grashof
L
ratio of buoyancy force to the viscous force in fluid
This number plays similar role in free convection as
does the Reynolds number in forced convection
Free Convection in External Flows
Vertical Surfaces
Laminar (Gr.Pr < 10
9
)

Constant Heat Flux

Turbulent (Gr.Pr > 10
9
)
25 . 0
x
25 . 0 5 . 0
x
Gr . Pr) 952 . 0 ( Pr 508 . 0 Nu

+ =
Convection 127
11
x x
5 2 . 0
x x x
10 Nu Gr 10 for Pr) . Nu . Gr ( 6 . 0 Nu < < =
333 . 0
x
Pr) Gr ( 1 . 0 Nu =
Free Convection in External Flows
Horizontal Surfaces
Characteristic Length


Constant Heat Flux

plate the of Perimeter
plate the of area Surface
L =
Convection 128
6 4 25 . 0
10 8 Pr Gr 10 2 for Pr) Gr ( 54 . 0 Nu < < =
11 6 3 / 1
10 Pr Gr 10 8 for Pr) Gr ( 15 . 0 Nu < < =
8
x
333 . 0
10 2 Pr Gr for Pr) Gr ( 13 . 0 Nu < =
11 6 2 . 0
10 Pr Gr 10 for Pr) Gr ( 16 . 0 Nu < < =
Combined Free & Forced Convection
When air is flowing over heated surface at a low
velocity, the effect of free and forced convections
are equally important

) negligible convection (free
convection Forced <<1 ) Re / Gr (
2
Convection 129
) negligible convection (forced
convection Free >>1 ) Re / Gr (
2
forced) and (free
convection Mixed ~1 ) Re / Gr (
2
External Flow

Internal Flow (LAMINAR)

Graetz number
Convection 130
A ) Re / (Gr Pr Re 332 . 0 Nu
2
x x
3 / 1 2 / 1
x
s = if
A ) Re / (Gr Gr ) Pr 952 . 0 ( Pr 508 . 0 Nu
2
x x
4 / 1
x
4 / 1 - 2 / 1
> + = if
| |
333 . 0
333 . 1 333 . 0
14 . 0
w
) Gr . Gz ( 012 . 0 Gz 75 . 1 Nu +
(
=
) L / D .( Pr . Re Gz
D
=
Internal Flow (TURBULENT)

Applicable for
Re
D
> 2000 and Ra
D
(D/L) < 5000
Or
Re
D
> 800 and Ra
D
(D/L) > 2x 10
4
Convection 131
36 . 0 07 . 0
D
21 . 0 27 . 0
D
(D/L) Gr Pr Re 69 . 4 Nu=
Minimum spacing (L) to avoid interference
of free convection boundary layers
Convection 132
Example Convection between Vertical Plates
T
Surface
= 80 C
?

L
3.5 cm
T
water
= 20 C
WATER
PLATE
Properties of water at Film Temperature

< 1 x 10
9
(LAMINAR)
Convection 133
Let, be the boundary layer thickness at trailing edge
Minimum spacing required = L = 2
Film temperature = t
= (80 + 20) / 2 = 50 C
Pr = 3.54 = 0.48x10
-3
K
-1
= 0.567 x 10
-6
m
2
/s
7
2
3
10 76 . 3 =
A
=
v
| T g x
Gr
x
9
10 894 . 0 Pr . Gr =
Convection 134
Boundary layer thickness ()

Minimum Space to avoid interference
039 . 0 . Pr) 952 . 0 ( Pr 93 . 3
25 . 0 25 . 0 5 . 0
= + =

x
x
Gr
x
o
Pr = 3.54 x = 0.035 m Gr = 0.2526x10
9
mm 36 . 1 035 . 0 038 . 0 = = o
mm 72 . 2 2 = o
Part 24
Questions
1. Draw the free convection boundary layer on a
heated vertical plate.
2. Write the governing equations for free convection
3. What is the significance of Grashof number ?
4. Explain the situations under which combined free
and forced convection should be considered.
Part 25
CONVECTION
FREE CONVECTION
Problems
Heat lost by pipe / metre length
Convection 135
Example 1 Vertical Pipe
D
outer
= 10 cm
AIR (ambient)
T = 20 C
T
Surface
= 100 C
Vertical pipe kept in a room

L = 30 cm
?
Convection 136
Film Temperature

Pr = 0.696 = 0.003003 K
-1
= 18.97 x 10
-6
m
2
/s k = 0.02896 W/mC

K 293 C 60
2
20 100
T
f
= =
+
=
10
3
s
3
L L
10 25 . 12
Pr ) T T ( L g
Pr . Gr Ra =
v
|
= =

L = 3 m T
= 100C T
S
= 20C
Checking

Then,
Convection 137
4 / 1
L
) Gr (
35
L
D
>
Ra
L
= 12.25 x 10
10
k = 0.02896 W/mC
L = 3 m T
= 100C T
S
= 20C
true. is
4 / 1 10
) 10 6 . 17 (
35
1 . 0
3
>
( ) 488 Ra 1 . 0 Nu
3 / 1
L L
= =
K 71 . 4 L / ) k . Nu ( h
L
2
W/m = =
m / W 37 . 118 ) T T ).( D .( h Q
s
= t =

Heat gained by duct / metre length
Convection 138
Example 2 Horizontal Duct
60 cm
Horizontal un-insulated Air Conditioning Duct

AIR (ambient)
T = 25 C
T
Surface
= 15 C
30 cm
?

Rate of Heat Gained per unit length of duct
Convection 139
Film Temperature

Pr = 0.705 = 0.00341 K
-1
= 1.205 kg/m
3
= 15.06 x 10
-6
m
2
/s k = 0.02593 W/mC

K 293 C 20
2
25 15
T
f
= =
+
=
bottom top side
Q Q Q 2 Q + + =
) T T ( L 2 ) h h ( ) L h 2 ( Q
s char bottom top char side
+ + =

3 9
2
3
10 01 . 0
Pr ) (
Pr . L
T T L g
Gr Ra
s
L L
=
= =

v
|
Heat gained from vertical wall (sides)

Laminar

( ) 45 . 13 Ra 59 . 0 Nu
4 / 1
L L
= =
( )( )
5
3
9
10 7 . 2 3 . 0 10 01 . 0 = =
L
Ra
K 162 . 1 L / ) k . Nu ( h
L
2
W/m = =
m / W 97 . 6 ) T T ( L h 2 Q
s v v
= =

= 0.00341 K
-1
= 1.205 kg/m
3
= 15.06 x 10
-6
m
2
/s k = 0.02593 W/mC
T
= 25C T
S
= 15C Pr = 0.705
Heat gained from top & bottom surfaces
Characteristic Length

Laminar

Similarly for bottom surface,
( ) 31 . 12 Ra 54 . 0 Nu
4 / 1
L L
= =
( )( )
5
3
9
10 7 . 2 3 . 0 10 01 . 0 = =
L
Ra
K 063 . 1 L / ) k . Nu ( h
L t
2
W/m = =
m / W 726 . 9 ) T T ( L 2 ) h h ( Q
s b t b t
= + =
+
= 0.00341 K
-1
= 1.205 kg/m
3
= 15.06 x 10
-6
m
2
/s k = 0.02593 W/mC
T
= 25C T
S
= 15C Pr = 0.705
( ) m 3 . 0 2 / w P / A L = ~ =
T
O
P

S
U
R
F
A
C
E

4 / 1
L b
) Ra ( 27 . 0 ) L / k ( h =
Convection 142
Rate of Heat Gained
bottom top side
Q Q Q 2 Q + + =
m / W 7 . 16 Q =
Q
side
= 6.97 W/m Q
top + bottom
= 9.73 W/m
Calculate the heat transfer coefficient
Convection 143
Combined Free & Forced Convection with Air
T
Surface
= 140 C
0.4m
25 mm
AIR
T
air
= 27 C
u = 30 cm/s
TUBE AIR
Air flowing through a horizontal tube

3
Convection 144
Film Temperature


Reynolds Number

Pr = 0.695 = 2.805x10
-3
K
-1
= 0.99 kg/m
3
bulk
= 2.1 x 10
-5
kg/m.s k = 0.0305 W/mC
w
= 2.337 x 10
-5
kg/m.s
K 5 . 356 C 5 . 83
2
27 140
T
f
= =
+
=
53 . 3
uD
Re =
=

D = 0.025 m
u = 0.3 m/s

Convection 145
Pr = 0.695 = 2.805x10
-3
K
-1
= 0.99 kg/m
3
f
= 2.1 x 10
-5
kg/m.s k = 0.0305 W/mC
w
= 2.337 x 10
-5
kg/m.s
353 Re = =
m
uD
5
2
3
10 007 . 1
T g x
Gr =
v
A |
=
4677
L
d
. Pr . Gr =
33 . 15
L
d
. Pr . Re Gz = =
Convection 146
k = 0.0305 W/mC
w
= 2.337 x 10
-5
kg/m.s
= 1.8462 x 10
-5
kg/m.s Gz = 15.33
Gr = 1.007 x 10
9
d = 0.025 m

| |
333 . 0
333 . 1 333 . 0
14 . 0
w
) Gr . Gz ( 012 . 0 Gz 75 . 1 Nu +
(
=
7 . 7 Nu =
K 4 . 9 d / ) k . Nu ( h
2
W/m = =
Panel : 0.915 m x 0.915 m
One side insulated, other side at 65.6 C
Ambient is at 10 C
Questions
1
INSULATED
SURFACE
HOT
SURFACE
HOT
SURFACE
INSULATED
SURFACE
Calculate the mean heat transfer coefficient due to
free convection
Estimate the heat gained by the duct.
Convection
Questions
30 X 20 cm
Duct Surface at 5 C
AIR
T = 25 C
2
Air flow through
Rectangular Duct
Calculate the heat transferred considering combined
free and forced convection
Convection
Questions
Air flowing through a tube
D = 20 mm
L = 1 m
AIR
T = 27 C
u = 30 cm/s
Horizontal Tube
T
surface
= 127 C

3

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CHAPTER 2

) temperature potential difference

Free Stream Velocity, m / s

are constants, the variables may be

Applying boundary conditions

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