1

CHBE Orientation Program

Research Planning

The Heilmeier Criteria

Background
Oral Quals in April
Need to identify a piece of work
What are you doing?
Why are you doing it?
2
3
Outline
Object for today: Learn how to evaluate
Research ideas
How do you find good research projects
Tackling problems that are the right place on
the knowledge curve
How to sell the project
Evaluate ideas based on the Heilmeier criterion
It Is Important For You To Take
Charge Of Your Career
Acquire the skills to meet your career
objectives including:
Technical skills
People skills
Communication skills
Mentors
It is your job to make sure that you
acquire these skills in grad school
4
Key Tasks For Your First Year
Take most required classes
Pass Qual
Start research
Read the literature
Take some data or do some calculations
before your orals
5
Key Objectives For Your Second
Year In Graduate School
Learn how to do state of the art experiments
and/or calculations (Key job in your first two
years of grad school)
Learn how to evaluate your own work. What is
good, what are the weaknesses
Become your own worst critic
Learning what you are good at and enjoy
How do your skills compare to others in the field
Learn what leaders in your field are doing and
how you might contribute
Start to develop mentors
Not just your advisor

6
7
Background: Key Steps In Research
Planning
Finding a good idea
Finding an interesting problem
Meets national/company goals
Allows you to develop your
skillss
Fun to do
Literature search
What has been done before
What is your competition doing
(look at their proposals/talks)
8
The Knowledge Curve
P
r
o
g
r
e
s
s

Time
Filling holes in
existing work
Time to move on
Mining discoveries
Discovery 1-5 pubs
Knowledge Evolves With An S Shape Curve
10-20
publications
9
Planning Research
P
r
o
g
r
e
s
s

Time
Filling holes in
existing work
Time to move on
Mining discoveries
Discovery 1-5 pubs
Knowledge Evolves With An S Shape Curve
10-20
publications
Start here
Develop Skills
Work Down
Matching A Project To Your
Career path
Starting graduate student
Choose a project that allows you to develop
skills: How to do experiments, write them up
Senior graduate student
Need a project that allows you to develop
independence to carry out a project
Postdoc
Project needs to provide you the opportunity to
plan a research project, direct graduate
students, develop mentors, fans

10
11
The Hourglass Picture Of Research
Adapted From William M.K. Trochim Cornell
Start with an important big question
Focus to solvable question
Observe
Analyze data
Reach conclusions
Generalize back to big problem
12
Example
Big Question: Biofuels (Cellulosic ethanol) presently too
expensive. Can we reduce the cost?
Solvable question: Can tethered sulfuric acid (polyelectrolyte
brush) be used in place of sulfuric acid to reduce cost?
Measure kinetics of polyelectrolyte catalyzed cellulose
conversion as a function of polyelectrolyte structure
Analyze data
Conclusions: kinetics, structural functional relationships
Generalize: Economic analysis to determine whether these catalysts
reduce the cost of cellulosic ethanol
Wyman Paper: Pretreatment has largest potential for cost reduction
13
Finding The Solvable Question
Key
Adapted From William M.K. Trochim Cornell
Start with an important big question
Focus to solvable question
Observe
Analyze data
Reach conclusions
Generalize back to big problem
Need to convince
reviewers it is
solvable
Limits problems
to ones the
reviewers think
they can solve
What Are The Most Important
Questions In Your Area?
Try to work on the most important
questions in your area
Be sure to focus on the least publishable unit
Do not overreach
14
15
Also Need To Know If You Are Working
On Something That Makes impact
Heilmeier Catechism to evaluate ideas

According to Heilmeier, every good proposal
answers the following questions on the first
page

What are you trying to do? Articulate your
objectives using absolutely no jargon.
If you cannot explain it simply you are not
Who cares? If you're successful, what difference
will it make?
What's new in your approach and why do you
think it will be successful?
What special skills do you bring to the question?
How much will it cost, how long will it take and
what are the risks?
What are the midterm and final "exams" to
check for success?
George Heilmeier
Head ARPA
Pres. Bellcore
Inventor of flat
panel display
16
Expanded Heilmeier Criteria
What is the problem, why is it hard?
How is it solved today?
Who are the leaders, what are they doing?
What is the new technical idea; why can we
succeed now?
What is the impact if successful?
How will the work be organized?
How will intermediate results be generated?
How will you measure progress?
What will it cost
Why should you do this rather than someone
else?
Adapted From Gio Wiederhold, Stanford
17
Example From My Own Work
In 2005 DARPA had a proposal call for
miniature (1 cm
3
) gas chromatographs






Should I respond?
Preconcentrator
collects the analyte
and injects it in a
narrow pulse
Column separates
analyte from
interferents
Thermal Isolation
Parallel Detectors
selectively detect
analyte
MEMS Pump
COTS Mote
18
Questions I Asked
Can I do it
Will I be able to do it better than anyone else
Will if be rewarding to do?
How does it fit into my career plans?
19
What Could I Do New Fun With
Preconcentrators?
Existing purge & trap preconcentrators
Challenges
Small fluidic devices
Better adsorbents
Goal
20
Could New Adsorbents Enable
Devices?
Existing adsorbant materials
Tenax (discovered 1968)
Activated carbon first used
1796
Many new adsorbents
MOFs
Mesoporous silicon
Nanoposts & nanowires
Applying new materials to an
old problem is a good research
thrust
21
Masel Expert On Adsorption
200+ papers
2 textbooks

Partner (Mark Shannon) expert on fluidic
components
22
Interesting Questions For RIM
Could new materials be used?
Presently no practical applications for any of the
materials real applications will be noticed
Materials likely would need modification for
application
Fun materials synthesis
Effect of structure on function unknown
Good science issues that will lead to lots of
papers
RIM long term research interest
23
Are Heilmeier Criteria Satisfied?
What is problem why is it hard?
Need to adsorb many molecules into a small volume
How is it solved now
Carbon or tenax insufficient capacity
What is the new technical idea; why can we succeed
now?
New materials that did not exist in 1965
Higher surface area, promising structure
What is the impact if successful?
Shrink purge and trap to chip size (improve sensitivity of
a host of analytical devices)
New directions in a standard analytical technique
Why should they fund you rather than someone else?
Unique skillset
An Example Electrochemical CO
2

Recycle to Syngas
How is it solved now
CO
2
electrolysis in aqueous solution
What is problem why is it hard?
Water reacts at lower potential than CO
2
so mainly
electrolyze water not CO
2
What is the new technical idea; why can we succeed
now?
Use ionic liquids in place of water
New materials that did not exist in 1965
Very high solubility of CO
2

What is the impact if successful?
Recycled gasoline for less than $2/gal
Why should they fund you rather than someone else?
Unique skillset
Need preliminary data

24
25
Summary: You Need To Evaluate Proposed
Ideas Before You Write The Proposal
Is it good for your career?
Fit your personality, skillset
Fun to do
The right place on the knowledge curve
Can you get 4 papers in two years?
What is the minimum publishable unit?
Is it fundable?
Satisfy Heilmeier criterion
Can you make a case for funding?
26
Questions?