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TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
INTERNAL
EXTERNAL
FORMAL INFORMAL
INWARD
OUTWARD
UPWARD
DOWNWARD
VERTICAL
HORIZONTAL
GRAPEVINE
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INTERNAL COMMUNICATION:
Receiving and sending message within an
organization

Keeps employees well informed

Builds a sense of trust

Leads to effective performance,

For example: communication inside the college



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EXTERNAL COMMUNICATON:
Receiving and sending messages from and
outside the organization

Helps company to convey to other organizations
of its status

Helps in building public relations

Means of being competitive and quality oriented.


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UPWARD COMMUNICATION:
MANAGEMENT

PRINCIPAL

VICE PRINCIPAL

LECTURERS

CLERKS

PEONS
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UPWARD COMMUNICATION(CONTD..)
Importance

Provides feedback to the superiors
Makes the introduction to the new scheme
easier
Releases the pent up emotions of the staff
Superiors get useful suggestions
Promotes harmony



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UPWARD COMMUNICATION(CONTD..)

Channels

Superiors keep an open door
Complaints and suggestion boxes
Social gathering
Direct correspondence
Reports and counseling
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UPWARD COMMUNICATION(CONTD..)
Limitations

Employees are reluctant to express their views
Fear of their being underestimated
Great possibility of distortion
Bypassed superiors feel insulted





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UPWARD COMMUNICATION(CONTD..)
To make it effective

Superiors should take initiative to get close
to the subordinate staff

Keep the line of communication short

Prompt redressal of legitimate grievances

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DOWNWARD
COMMUNICATION:
MANAGEMENT

PRINCIPAL

VICE PRINCIPAL

LECTURERS

CLERKS

PEONS
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DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION
_ Flows from superior to subordinate staff

_ Transforms information to lower level of
management

_ Orders, individual instructions, circulars,
bulletins, manuals, etc.

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DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION(CONT..)
OBJ ECTIVES
To give directives about some job

To explain policies and procedures

To convey assessment of performance

To explain the rationale of the job

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DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION(CONT..)
Limitations
under-communication or over-communication

In case of long communication there may be:-
delay
loss of information
distortion
resentment by subordinate staff

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DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION(CONT..)
To make it effective

Managers should be adequately informed

Managers should be clear about how to communicate

Authority to be given to lower levels to shorten the line of
communication

Information should be passed on to the correct person
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VERTICAL COMMUNICATON
MANAGEMENT

PRINCIPAL

VICE-PRINCIPAL

PROFESSORS

CLERKS

PEONS



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HORIZONTAL COMMUNICATION
PUBLIC-RELATION
DEPARTMENT
PERSONNEL
DEPARTMENT
PURCHASE DEPARTMENT
PRODUCTON
DEPARTMENT
FINANCE
DEPARTMENT
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HORIZONTAL COMMUNICATION
Flows between people at same level

Important for promoting understanding and
co-ordination among various people or departments

It is carried on through:

Face-to face discussion
Telephonic talk
Periodical meetings
Memos
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NETWORKS

not only the linkage between computerized
communication device

The one that link people through electronic
device, writing to each other or talking in a room
etc.

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TYPES OF COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
IN ORGANIZATION
Fan


Information is send to small or large no of people at
one time by electronic means or writing, by
Instructions, etc.

For example:- classroom instructions
1.
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Chain
Information transmitted from person to person
each one passing on the message until the last
person that needs to know is reached.

Person can transmit information in the way he
thinks the best.
2.
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Large loop
Information is in the fixed form (usually a document),

Eventually returns to the person who sent it out.

For example: circular in the college.
3.
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Daisy (small loop)
Each person is approached and given an opportunity
to respond by feedback to the information conveyed.

4.
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SMALL GROUPS
Provides job satisfaction

Provides loyalty

Can be long lasting (e.g.: canteen committee) or
for short period (e.g.: pct groups)

Has a group leader to draw conclusions and get
approved by other members of the group

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TYPICAL SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION
NETWORKS
L
wheel
Rigid and formal in structure
Higher efficiency
Reduces morale
No job satisfaction


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L
Y-network
Leader draws conclusions, that will be fed back
to the group to obtain their approval, these
conclusions are then followed by all the group
members.
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circular
Rigid and formal in structure
Higher efficiency
Reduces morale
No job satisfaction
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comcon
L
Here the leader deals in all the direction, i.e. with
all the departments.
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GRAPEVINE COMMUNICATION
_ Informal line of communication.

_ Transmits information in advance of, or in
addition to, the formal communication channels.

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ORIGIN OF GRAPEVINE
At the time of American civil war, the telegraph
lines were strung on the trees like vines.

Messages received from there were unclear and
confused, grapevine was blamed for this.

Thus, believed rumours has source in grapevine
and also considered as the unofficial system of
communication.



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PATTERNS OF GRAPEVINE
1.CHAIN
A B C D E
2.CLUSTER CHAIN
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3.RANDOM DIFFUSION
4.CENTRE BASED 5.FREE FLOW
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GRAPEVINE
COMMUNICATION(CONT..)
Informal channel of communication.

It is of four types:-
Single strand: flows like a chain
Gossip: one person tells everybody
Probability (random): information may
move from anybody to anybody
Cluster: moves through selected groups
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GRAPEVINE
COMMUNICATION(CONT..)
IMPORTANCE

Emotion relief

Harmony

Supplement to other channels

A fast channel

Provides feedback

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GRAPEVINE
COMMUNICATION(CONT..)
DEMERITS

_ Distortion of information
_ Incomplete information
_ Travels with destructive swiftness

TO USE IT EFFECTIVELY

_ To keep an eye on rumor-mongers
_ Use it primarily for feedback
_ Contradict rumors promptly
_ Involve the workers in the decision-making process