ME 525: Combustion Session 1

Today
Course Administration
Introduction: Applications and
Fundamentals
Outline
Begin Review of Background
material


ME 525 Session 1: 1
Course Administration
Instructor: Jay P. Gore gore@purdue.edu
Teaching Assistants: Indraneel Sircar isircar@purdue.edu
Home Work: Ten Homework problems assigned with a
one week to ten days gap answers to be emailed to
the instructor with copies to TA
Instructor Office Visits: For one hour after class or by
appointment
Encourage Study Groups: Will be formed after review of
student self-introductions. Submit names of up to 5
classmates you would like in your study group.
ME 525 Session 1:2
Student Self-Introductions
Name and Email: .
Degree Objective (Ph.D. or M. S.): .
Advisor: .
Research Topic: .
Course Background: Circle the appropriate course numbers or the
word equivalent and the word senior or the word grad
ME500 or ME300 or equivalent senior or grad thermodynamics
ME505 or ME315 or equivalent senior or grad heat transfer
ME509 or ME309 or equivalent senior or grad fluid mechanics
MA527 or MA 528 or equivalent senior or grad first year math
ME581 or equivalent senior or grad numerical methods
Names of five (or as many as you know) classmates who you
would like in your study group


ME 525 Session 1:3
Grading
Two Midterm Examinations: 30%

Final Examination (Comprehensive): 30%

Text Book Home Work Problems: 20%.

Special Project(s): 20%.

ME 525 Session 1:4
Text Book
An Introduction to Combustion: Concepts and
Applications, Third Edition, McGraw Hill by Stephen R.
Turns
Download Software at www.mhhe.com/turns3e
Other software may need to be used for Homework
problems and special problems
Study groups will have opportunity to share combustion
related web links, combustion videos, interesting
combustion related news items with Professor Gore for his
screening, sharing with the class
ME 525 Session 1:5
Applications of Combustion
Power plants
Coal, Diesel, Natural Gas
Manufacturing
Mining and ore melting, combustion synthesis, heat
treatment, boiling and purification.
Transportation: Air, Space, Land, Rivers, Sea, and Ocean
Otto, Diesel, Rankine and Brayton cycles
HVAC and other Appliances
Fire Safety
Forest, residential, automobile

ME 525 Session 1:6
Combustion Design Issues
Fuel for a given power rating
efficiency, heat rejected, exhaust product composition
Oxidizer or air needed for a given power rating
Mining and ore melting, combustion synthesis, heat treatment,
boiling and purification.
Pollutants produced and their long term and short term impact
Cost of pollutant and pollution control
Pressure and temperature rise and control and containment
design
Ignition, extinction, turndown, speed, pressure oscillation,
noise, odor, and fire safety


ME 525 Session 1:7
Combustion Fundamentals- 1
Combustion is an exothermic chemical reaction between
a fuel and an oxidizer in which chemical energy stored in
molecular bonds is released in the form of sensible
energy.
Most fuels currently in use are hydrocarbon fossil fuels
with coal being the most used and most criticized fuel.
Most oxidizer currently in use is oxygen from air.
Combustion products generally include CO
2
, H
2
O, CO, H
2
,
N
2
, and excess O
2
.
Soot, unburned HC and NO
x
pressure oscillation, noise,
and odor.
Combustion may involve material in solid, liquid, vapor
and superheated gas state.


ME 525 Session 1:8
Stoichiometric Chemical Reaction
Generic fuel: C
x
H
y
O
z
, Molecular weight = (12x+y+16z) g/mol or
kg/kmol. eg. CH
4
and CH
3
OH
Molecular weight of CH
4
= 12.011+4*(1.00794) =
12.011+4.03176=16.04876 kg/kmol
Saves a lot of time and effort to make engineering assumption
like: MW
CH4
= 16 kg/kmol

C
x
H
y
O
z
+ S (O
2
+ 3.76 N
2
) = xCO
2
+ y/2H
2
O + 3.76SN
2
S = moles of O
2
from air needed for complete combustion of
C
x
H
y
O
z
.
S=x+y/4-z/2. So for CH
4
, S=2; for generic paraffin C
n
H
2n+2
,
S=n+(n+1)/2=1.5n+0.5; and for a generic paraffin alcohol
C
n
H
2n+1
OH, S=n+(n+1)/2-1/2=1.5n
For Propane: S = 5; Propanol: C
3
H
7
OH, S = 4.5
ME 525 Session 1:9
Combustion Fundamentals - 2
Fuel pyrolysis and vaporization must occur first for solid/liquid fuels.
Mixing at various length scales of the combustor, flow and molecular
scales occurs next prior to the molecular scale chemical reaction.
If mixing promoted first and then ignition and flame stabilization is
promoted, then a mode of combustion defined as premixed
combustion prevails.
If mixing occurs simultaneously with ignition and reaction then a
mode of combustion defined as non-premixed (diffusion) combustion
prevails.
Combination of premixed and diffusion combustion prevails in flame
stabilization region.
Flameless combustion may occur in certain devices.


ME 525 Session 1:10
Combustion Fundamentals - 3
Combustion is an energy transfer process in which a portion of the stored
molecular bond energy of a working substance (reactants taken together) is
transformed into sensible energy of the chemically transformed working
substance, transferred in the form of heat and/or work for useful purposes
and/or transferred to another working substance as heat.
The properties of the working substance that typically change as a result of
combustion include:
Internal energy: du
s
=c
v
dT,
enthalpy: dh
s
= du
s
+ vdP + Pdv=c
p
dT;
enthalpy including enthalpy change of state: dh
s
= du
s
+ vdP + Pdv + h
fg
enthalpy including enthalpy change associated with chemical bonds

Nomenclature and units
U
s
= sensible internal energy kJ
u
s
= specific sensible internal energy kJ/kg
H
s
= sensible enthalpy kJ
h
s
= specific sensible enthalpy kJ/kg
T = temperature, K





ME 525 Session 1:11
Combustion Fundamentals - 4
Nomenclature and units
P = pressure or force per unit area kN or kN/m
2
= kPA
U
s
= sensible internal energy kJ
u
s
= specific sensible internal energy kJ/kg
H
s
= sensible enthalpy kJ
h
s
= specific sensible enthalpy kJ/kg
H
fg
= enthalpy change associated with phase change kJ
h
fg
= specific enthalpy change associated with phase change kJ/kg
c
v
= constant volume specific heat, kJ/kg-K
c
P
= constant pressure specific heat, kJ/kg-K
HHV= Higher heating value of a fuel, kJ/kg. Energy removed after complete combustion
of the fuel to products to bring the products to the same temperature as the
reactants and associated condensation of the resulting water vapor.
LHV= Lower heating value of a fuel , kJ/kg. Energy removed after complete combustion
of the fuel to products to bring the products to the same temperature as the
reactants but without condensation of the water vapor in the products.






ME 525 Session 1:12