UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

PROJECT TITLE: POTENTIALS OF PULVERIZED
POLYVINYL WASTE AS A BINDER IN CONCRETE.

GROUP MEMBERS:
EHIKHUENMEN Samuel O. 090402021
LASOJU Folasade 090402036
ILUYOMADE Gbemisola 080402019

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE (Bsc.) in
CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Supervised By:
DR EFE EWAEN IKPONMWOSA.

FEBRUARY, 2014.
CONTENTS
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Results and Discussions
Conclusions and Recommendations
Photo Galleries.


INTRODUCTION
cost of erect



Concrete is the worlds second most
consumed material after water. In
construction today, the cost of
erecting a structure that would be of
maximum strength and good quality
is very high due to the cost of
purchasing construction materials.
Cement, a major component in
concrete is known to be quite
expensive and its replacement has
been a major target of recent
research efforts.
This has led to the quest for readily
available alternative materials which
are cheaper and relatively easy to
produce locally.

PROJECT AIM & OBJECTIVE
Aim: To determine the Potentials of pulverized polyvinyl waste
as binder in concrete and its impact on the strength
characteristics of concrete.

Objective: To determine the optimum replacement percentage
of polyvinyl waste in concrete with the view of reducing cost of
structure without compromising safety policies or structural
integrity. That is, producing structures with high economic
impact factors (local & global).
Scope of study:
In this project, we considered
Evaluation of the physical, chemical and mechanical properties
of the materials to be used. e.g. Grain size analysis,
determination of bulk-densities etc.
Setting time of cement paste, Density, Slump test,
Compressive strength test and Split cylinder test of cured
specimen (ranging from control value to 40% replacement
level at 10% interval at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days curing ages).
Statement of problem:
The cost of cement production and purchase is on the
increase.
The issue of waste management.


Limitation of study : this study is limited to
Shortage of waste materials.
Constraint of information availability.

Need of study: Due to the cost of cement, its
replacement has been a major target of recent research
efforts and if this can be achieved, it will provide
Economic gain (low cost of housing)
Reduction in Landfill (waste disposal).

LITERATURE REVIEW (CONTD)
YEAR AUTHOR(S) POZZOLANIC
MATERIAL
AREA OF RESEARCH REMARKS
2010. Ikponmwosa et
al
Agricultural
waste:
soldier ant
mound clay,
Partial replacement
of cement with
Soldier ant mound
clay.
Results show that 5% replacement level
was optimum flexural strength for the
specimen beams .
2008 Oyekan and
Kamiyo
Rich Husk
Ash
The effect of rich
husk ash on some
engineering
properties of
concrete blocks
He observed that concluded that the
addition of RHA in the mix produced
sandcrete of lower density and
compressive strength. However, RHA
had fairly significant effect on the
compressive strength of the concrete
cube specimens, increasing the latter by
nearly 17% (at 28 days) and at 5% RHA
content.
2004
to
2010.
Bin Alam et al,
coppola et al,
Elinwwa et al,
Mohaned et al
and others.
Agricultural
waste: Rice
straw ash,
wood fly ash,
rice husk
ash, soldier
ant mound
clay, etc.
LITERATURE REVIEW (CONTD)
YEAR AUTHOR(S) POZZOLANIC
MATERIAL
AREA OF RESEARCH REMARKS
2008 Ikponmwosa et
al, Bin Alam et
al, coppola et al,
Elinwwa et al,
Mohaned et al
and others.
Steel
Industrial:
Steel Slag
The effect of the
partial replacement
of fine aggregates in
concrete with steel
mill scales.
He observed that Replacing 40% of
sand with steel mill scale gave the
highest increase in compressive
strength and flexural strength. He also
observed that the drying shrinkage of
the concrete was lower when using steel
mill scale.
2004 Manso and
Gonzalez
Electric Arc
Furnace slag,
The effect of the
partial replacement
of fine aggregates in
concrete with steel
mill scales.
It was observed that the compressive
strength was similar to that of
traditional concrete. The durability was
slightly lower than conventional
concrete. The concrete had good
physical and mechanical properties, but
results showed that special attention
should be paid to the gradation and
crushing process.
2000
to
2008.
Saud Al Otaibi,
Manso and
Gonzalez,
Maslehuddin et
al, manso et al,
Salau et al,
Anastasiou and
Papayianni, etc.
Steel
Industrial
Waste: Steel
slag, Electric
Arc Furnace
slag, Steel
mill, etc.
LITERATURE REVIEW (CONTD)
YEAR AUTHOR(S) POZZOLANIC
MATERIAL
AREA OF RESEARCH REMARKS
2008 Pereira et al. Glass
industrial
waste:
amber
waste glass
Partial replacement
of cement by amber
waste glass in
concrete
It was observed that with a 30%
replacement of cement by amber
waste glass, the compressive strength
of concrete increase 25% at 7 days
and 35% when tested for 28 days
strength.
2001
to
2009
Vijayakumar et
al, Federio and
Chidiac, Idir and
Tagnit , Pereira
et al.
Glass
industrial
waste: Glass
powder,
amber waste
glass, glass
aggregate,
etc.
METHODOLOGY
Materials Used: Fine aggregate, Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Portable
Water, Polyvinyl Waste (Nigerite Ltd) and Coarse aggregate.

Apparatus: Various Sizes of Sieve Ranging From 2.36mm - 65m, Drying oven,
Evaporating pans, VICAT Apparatus, Concrete mixer, cube moulds, Tamping rod
(16mm), Weighing machine, Compression test machine, Slump cone, etc.

Composition of Concrete
Mix proportions 1:2:4 by weight and a water/binder ratio of 0.6, 0.65 and 0.7 will
be used. The ratio of the polyvinyl waste will be varied by 0% to 40% with 10%
interval.

Production Details:
Mix ratio = 1:2:4 for concrete cubes (150x150x150mm) and split cylinder while 1:3
for slurry cubes(150mmdia, 300mmhigh).
Water/binder ratio = 0.6, 0.65 and o.7
Total number of cubes and cylinders = 100 ( 60 cubes, 40 cylinders)
Total weight of binder =142.29kg
Total weight of sand = 284.58kg
Total weight of granite= 569.16kg

METHODOLOGY (CONTD)
Experimental Test
Preliminary Investigation:
Chemical Analysis Test
Physical Properties and Sieve Analysis Test

Secondary Investigation:
Setting time (Initial and final) Test
Slump test (Workability) on concrete
Compressive strength test on concrete cubes
Density of the concrete cubes
Split Cylinder test
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Preliminary Investigation:
Chemical Analysis Test :














Free lime recorded zero for polyvinyl waste meaning that it is not reactive with
water but a good absorbent of water.
However, the Polyvinyl waste showed high pozzolanic properties i.e. the three
oxides of Silicon, Calcium and Iron are in excess of the recommended 70% of the
percentage composition of the material (ASTM C618).
Hence the material is a good pozzolan as it exhibits good pozzolanic properties.









S/N NAME OF COMPOUNDS ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMNT (%) POLYVINYL WASTE (%)
1 Silica, (SiO
2
) 18.34 19.18
2 Sodium oxide (Na
2
O) 0.55 0.75
3 Potassium oxide (K
2
O) 0.48 0.46
4 Calcium oxide (CaO) 63.97 63.30
5 Magnesium oxide (MgO) 2.16 2.25
6 Barium oxide (BaO) 0.02 0.03
7 Lead oxide (PbO) - -
8 Aluminium oxide (Al
2
O
3
) 4.73 3.90
9 Ferric oxide (Fe
2
O
3
) 3.58 2.40
10 Sulphite (So
3
2-
) 1.67 1.44
11 Moisture (%) 0.006 0.08
12 Free lime Ca(OH)
2
0.78 -
13 Insoluble residue (IR) 20.02 18.89
14 Loss on ignition (L.O.I) 1.11 2.32
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
Physical Properties of the materials:

PHYSICAL PROPERTY SAND GRANITE CEMENT POLYVINYL WASTE
FINES CONTENT (% passing
through 600m sieve)

- - 99.5 75
UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENT
(Cu)
3.03 1.58 - -
COEFFICIENT OF CURVATURE
(Cz)
1.08 1.03 - -
SPECIFY GRAVITY
2.63 2.66 - 2.47
DRY DENSITY (Kg/m3)
1405.01 1403.29 - 698.44
BULK DENSITY ((Kg/m3)
1409.55 1407.36 1297.79 839.25
MOISTURE CONTENT (%)
0.323 0.29 - 20.16
AGGREGATE CRUSHING
VALUE
- 22.01 - -
AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE - 9.62 - -
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
Sieve Analysis: Distribution for fine aggregate (sand):
Initial dry weight of sample=200g.

Test Weight Percentage
Cumulative Percentage
Percentage
Sieves Retained (g) Retained (%) Retained (%) Passing (%)
2.36mm 8.73 4.37 4.37 95.63
1.18mm 46.2 23.1 27.47 72.53
600m 79.1 39.55 67.02 32.98
425m 26.6 13.3 80.32 19.68
300m 19.9 9.95 90.27 9.73
212m 13.8 6.9 97.17 2.83
150m 4.3 2.15 99.32 0.68
75m 0.6 0.3 99.62 0.38
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
Distribution for Coarse aggregate (granite):
Initial dry weight of sample=10000g.



Test Weight Percentage
Cumulative
Passing
Percentage
Sieves Retained (g) Retained (%) Retained (%) Passing (%)
37.5mm 0 0 0 100
25mm 0 0 0 100
19mm 199.8 2 2 98
12.7mm 6202 62.02 64.02 35.98
9.53mm 2652 26.52 90.54 9.46
5mm 474 4.74 95.28 4.72
2.36mm 158.8 1.59 96.87 3.13
1.18mm 81.9 0.82 97.69 2.31
<75m 180.5 1.81 99.5 0.5
Pan 40 0.4 99.9 0.1
f ine medium coarse f ine medium coarse f ine mediumcoarse
SILT SAND GRAVEL
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
COBBLES CLAY
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Granite
Sharp
Sand
6
3

1
5
0

2
1
2

3
5
0

4
2
5

6
0
0

1
.
1
8

2

3
.
3
5

5

6
.
3

1
0

2
0

1
4

2
8

3
7
.
5

5
6

6
3

7
5

B.S. Sieve Nos. (micrometer)
Aperture Size (millimetre)
P
E
R
C
E
N
T
A
G
E

P
A
S
S
I
N
G

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Secondary Investigation:
Setting-time test: Cement paste with polyvinyl waste as
replacement:







PERCENTAGE REPLACEMENT (%) INITIAL SETTING TIME (MINS) FINAL SETTING TIME (MINS)
Control 122 220
10 135 232
20 157 251
30 176 278
40 188 289
50 195 313
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The deceleration of the setting times (both initial and final)
of cement pastes may have been the result of decreasing
volume of hydration compounds. This indicate that the
Polyvinyl waste has high absorbing capacity. With these
results, it can be inferred that Polyvinyl waste is a setting
time decelerator.



0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
S
e
t
t
i
n
g

T
i
m
e

(
m
i
n
s
)

% Replacement
Variation of Setting Time with % Replacement
initial setting
time
final setting time
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
S
e
t
t
i
n
g

T
i
m
e

(
m
i
n
s
)

% Replacement
Variation of Setting Time with % Replacement
initial setting
time
final setting
time
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
Workability: A standard measure of workability of wet concrete
mix is the slump.

















SLUMP TEST VALUE FOR CYLINDER
WATER BINDER
RATIO
CONTROL
0%
10% 20% 30% 40%
0.6 136 95 65 56 20
0.65 175 146 123 114 90
0.7 185 150 132 120 115
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
Effect of Water/Binder Ratio on Slump Test:










0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75
S
l
u
m
p

V
a
l
u
e

Water/Binder Ratio
Variation of Slump Test with Water/Binder Ratio
Control
10% Replacement
20% Replacement
30% Replacement
40% Replacement
Control (100% Cement): The following readings were obtained-

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
Water/Binder
ratio
Age of
curing
Average
Weight (kg)
Average Density of
Cube (Kg/mm3)
Average Compressive
Strength (N/mm2)
Average Tensile Strength
(N/mm2)
0.6
7 8.23 2.44 15.41 3.11
14 8.29 2.46 16.3 3.97
21 8.46 2.49 17.92 4.25
28 8.52 2.53 18.96 5.1
0.65
7 8.12 2.41 14.52 3.42
14 8.24 2.44 16.29 4.25
21 8.31 2.46 16.8 4.81
28 8.47 2.51 18.08 5.52
0.7
7 8.07 2.34 14.07 3.68
14 8.2 2.43 16 4.53
21 8.26 2.45 16.89 5.38
28 8.34 2.47 18.07 5.66
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
2.44
2.41
2.39
2.46
2.44
2.43
2.49
2.46
2.45
2.53
2.51
2.47
2.35
2.4
2.45
2.5
2.55
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
D
E
N
S
I
T
Y


(
k
g
/
m
m
3
)


Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF DENSITY (kg/mm3) WITH WATER/BIINDER RATIO FOR CONTROL
7 Days 14 Days
21 Days 28 Days
15.41
14.52
14.07
16.3 16.29
16
17.92
16.89
16.8
18.96
18.1 18.08
10
12
14
16
18
20
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
N
/
m
m
2
)

Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2) WITH WATER/BINDER RATIO FOR CONTROL
7 Days 14 Days
21 Days 28 Days
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
3.11
3.42
3.68
3.97
4.25
4.53
4.25
4.81
5.38
5.1
5.8
5.66
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
T
e
n
s
i
l
e

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
N
/
m
m
2
)

Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF TENSILE STRENGTH (N/mm2) WITH WATER/BINDER RATIO FOR
CONTROL
7 Days 14 Days
21 Days 28 Days







It was observed that as the water/binder ratio increases the density
and compressive strength decreases but the tensile strength shows
an increasing trend. As the curing ages increases, the strength values
also increased.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
Water/Binder
ratio
Age of
curing
Average
Weight (kg)
Average Density of
Cube (Kg/mm3)
Average Compressive
Strength (N/mm2)
Average Tensile Strength
(N/mm2)
0.6
7 8.56 2.54 15.55 4.6
14 8.59 2.55 17.28 5.38
21 8.62 2.56 18.67 5.66
28 8.69 2.58 23.71 6.51
0.65
7 8.23 2.44 11.41 4.25
14 8.26 2.47 13.33 4.53
21 8.32 2.49 15.7 5.38
28 8.45 2.5 18.22 5.94
0.7
7 8.1 2.4 10.08 3.96
14 8.35 2.43 12.52 4.34
21 8.42 2.45 14.97 4.81
28 8.43 2.48 17.48 5.52
10% Replacement of Polyvinyl Waste : The following readings were
obtained-

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
2.54
2.44
2.4
2.55
2.47
2.43
2.56
2.49
2.45
2.58
2.5
2.48
2.35
2.4
2.45
2.5
2.55
2.6
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
D
E
N
S
I
T
Y


(
k
g
/
m
m
3
)


Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF DENSITY (kg/mm3) WITH WATER/BIINDER RATIO FOR 10 %
REPLACEMENT
7 Days 14 Days
21 Days 28 Days
15.55
11.41
10.08
17.26
13.33
12.52
18.67
15.7
14.97
23.71
18.22
17.48
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
N
/
m
m
2
)

Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2) WITH WATER/BINDER RATIO
FOR 10% REPLACEMENT
7 Days 14 Days
21 Days 28 Days
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
4.6
4.25
3.96
5.38
4.53
4.39
5.66
5.38
4.81
6.51
5.94
5.52
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
T
e
n
s
i
l
e

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
N
/
m
m
2
)

Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF TENSILE STRENGTH (N/mm2) WITH WATER/BINDER RATIO FOR 10%
REPLACEMENT
7 Days 14 Days
21 Days 28 Days







It was observed that as the water/binder ratio increases the density,
compressive and tensile strength decreases. This is an indication
that the more the w/c, the weaker the binding bond between the
aggregates.
As the curing ages increases, the strength values also increased.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
Water/Binder
ratio
Age of
curing
Average
Weight (kg)
Average Density of
Cube (Kg/mm3)
Average Compressive
Strength (N/mm2)
Average Tensile Strength
(N/mm2)
0.6
7 8.26 2.45 15.41 4.25
14 8.35 2.47 23.04 4.81
21 8.41 2.49 24.89 6.51
28 8.53 2.51 25.19 8.21
0.65
7 8.17 2.42 9.63 3.4
14 8.27 2.44 13.63 3.93
21 8.3 2.46 18.59 4.25
28 8.46 2.5 19.41 5.24
0.7
7 8.02 2.4 8.89 2.55
14 8.22 2.43 11.11 3.68
21 8.26 2.45 12.15 4.05
28 8.48 2.51 14.52 4.81
20% Replacement of Polyvinyl Waste : The following readings were
obtained-

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
2.45
2.42
2.4
2.47
2.44
2.43
2.49
2.46
2.45
2.53
2.5
2.47
2.35
2.4
2.45
2.5
2.55
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
D
E
N
S
I
T
Y


(
k
g
/
m
m
3
)


Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF DENSITY (kg/mm3) WITH WATER/BIINDER RATIO FOR 20% REPLACEMENT
7 Days 14 Days
21 Days 28 Days
15.41
9.63
8.89
23.04
13.63
11.11
24.89
18.59
12.15
25.19
19.41
14.52
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
N
/
m
m
2
)

Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2) WITH WATER/BINDER RATIO FOR 20%
REPLACEMENT
7 Days 14 Days
21 Days 28 Days
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
4.25
3.4
2.55
4.81
3.93
3.68
6.51
4.25
4.05
8.21
5.24
4.81
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
T
e
n
s
i
l
e

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
N
/
m
m
2
)

Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF TENSILE STRENGTH (N/mm2) WITH WATER/BINDER RATIO FOR 20%
REPLACEMENT
7 Days 14 Days
21 Days 28 Days

It was observed that as the water/binder ratio increases the density,
compressive and tensile strength decreases. As the curing ages increases,
the strength values also increased.

It was observed that at 20% replacement of polyvinyl waste, 0.6 and 0.65
W/B recorded their optimum values in compressive and tensile strength.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
Water/Binder
ratio
Age of
curing
Average
Weight (kg)
Average Density of
Cube (Kg/mm3)
Average Compressive
Strength (N/mm2)
Average Tensile Strength
(N/mm2)
0.6
7 8.22 2.44 12 9.91
14 8.3 2.46 18.45 9.05
21 8.46 2.5 18.96 6.8
28 8.57 2.55 20.37 5.24
0.65
7 8.1 2.4 10.74 9.34
14 8.15 2.42 14.52 8.21
21 8.36 2.48 16.81 6.23
28 8.46 2.52 17.76 4.67
0.7
7 8.01 2.37 7.56 9.05
14 8.12 2.41 10.37 7.22
21 8.43 2.46 11.77 5.66
28 8.62 2.49 12.89 3.82
30% Replacement of Polyvinyl Waste : The following readings were
obtained-

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
2.44
2.4
2.37
2.46
2.42
2.41
2.5
2.48
2.46
2.55
2.52
2.49
2.35
2.4
2.45
2.5
2.55
2.6
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
D
E
N
S
I
T
Y


(
k
g
/
m
m
3
)


Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF DENSITY (kg/mm3) WITH WATER/BIINDER RATIO FOR 30%
REPLACEMENT
7 Days 14 Days
21 Days 28 Days
12
10.74
7.56
18.45
14.52
10.37
18.96
16.81
11.71
20.37
17.76
12.89
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
N
/
m
m
2
)

Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2) WITH WATER/BINDER RATIO
FORR 30% REPLACEMENT
7 Days 14 Days
21 Days 28 Days
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
9.91
9.34
9.05 9.05
8.21
7.22
6.8
6.23
5.66
5.24
4.67
3.82
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
T
e
n
s
i
l
e

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
N
/
m
m
2
)

Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF TENSILE STRENGTH (N/mm2) WITH WATER/BINDER RATIO FOR
30% REPLACEMENT
7 Days 14 Days
21 Days 28 Days

It was observed that as the water/binder ratio increases the density,
compressive and tensile strength decreases. As the curing ages increases,
the strength values also increased but it was observed that the tensile
strength decreases with increase in curing age.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
Water/Binder
ratio
Age of
curing
Average
Weight (kg)
Average Density of
Cube (Kg/mm3)
Average Compressive
Strength (N/mm2)
Average Tensile Strength
(N/mm2)
0.6
7 8.2 2.43 9.93 7.22
14 8.22 2.44 15.46 5.66
21 8.45 2.51 16.59 2.42
28 8.73 2.59 19.63 1.28
0.65
7 8.1 2.39 9.93 7.08
14 8.24 2.43 13.11 5.38
21 8.37 2.46 14.62 2
28 8.63 2.55 15.48 0.71
0.7
7 8 2.37 6.07 5.22
14 8.12 2.41 9.04 4.53
21 8.18 2.42 11.11 1.84
28 8.36 2.48 12.3 0.48
40% Replacement of Polyvinyl Waste : The following readings were
obtained-

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
2.43
2.39
2.37
2.44
2.43
2.41
2.51
2.46
2.42
2.59
2.55
2.48
2.35
2.4
2.45
2.5
2.55
2.6
2.65
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
D
E
N
S
I
T
Y


(
k
g
/
m
m
3
)


Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF DENSITY (kg/mm3) WITH WATER/BIINDER RATIO FOR 40%
REPLACEMENT
7 Days
14 Days
21 Days
28 Days
9.93 9.93
6.07
15.46
13.11
9.04
16.59
14.82
11.11
19.63
15.48
12.3
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
N
/
m
m
2
)

Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2) WITH WATER/BINDER RATIO FOR
40% REPLACEMENT
7 Days
14 Days
21 Days
28 Days
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
7.22
7.08
5.52
5.66
5.38
4.53
2.42
2
1.85
1.28
0.71
0.48
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
T
e
n
s
i
l
e

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
N
/
m
m
2
)

Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF TENSILE STRENGTH (N/mm2) WITH WATER/BINDER RATIO FOR 40%
REPLACEMENT
7 Days
14 Days
21 Days
28 Days

It was observed that as the water/binder ratio increases the density,
compressive and tensile strength decreases. As the curing ages increases,
the strength values also increased but it was observed that the tensile
strength decreases with increase in curing age.
CONCLUSION
The following conclusions can be made:

With addition of polyvinyl waste, the setting time of the cement based
paste is decelerated. This shows that Polyvinyl waste is a decelerator.

The workability of the mix decreased with increased addition of
polyvinyl waste.


The optimum replacement of polyvinyl waste in concrete cube was
obtained at 20% replacement for 0.6 and 0.65 water/binder ratio.
However, I observed that at 0.6 water/binder ratio, the compressive
strength exceed others. For tensile strength, the optimum replacement
of polyvinyl waste was obtained at 20% replacement for 0.6 while 10%
replacement for 0.65 water/binder ratio.

Polyvinyl waste is available in significant quantities as a waste and can
be utilized for concrete. This will otherwise serve as a means recycling
polyvinyl waste in our environment.


RECOMMENDATION
More research work should be directed at percentage
replacements between 5% and 10% with smaller intervals
between such, say 1% since considerable strengths were
obtained within this range.

More research efforts can be directed at replacement of
fine aggregates or coarse aggregates with Polyvinyl waste in
normal and aerated concrete.

Polyvinyl waste should be incorporated in foamed aerated
concrete as it reduces environmental pollution.

PHOTO GALLARIES



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OATT Dats all