Lecture 22 - Biaxial

Columns Design
July 30, 2003
CVEN 444
Lecture Goals
Short Column Biaxial Design
Slender Column Design
Biaxial Bending and Axial
Load
Ref. PCA Notes on ACI 318-95

Unaxial bending
about y-axis
Biaxial Bending and Axial
Load
Ref. PCA Notes on ACI 318-95

The biaxial bending moments

Mx = P*ey
My = P*ex
Approximate Analysis
Methods
Use Reciprocal Failure
surface S2 (1/Pn,ex,ey)
The ordinate 1/Pn on the
surface S2 is
approximated by
ordinate 1/Pn on the
plane S’2 (1/Pn ex,ey)
Plane S2 is defined by
points A,B, and C.
Approximate Analysis
Methods
P0 = Axial Load Strength under pure axial compression
(corresponds to point C ) Mnx = Mny = 0
P0x = Axial Load Strength under uniaxial eccentricity, ey
(corresponds to point B ) Mnx = Pney
P0y = Axial Load Strength under uniaxial eccentricity, ex
(corresponds to point A ) Mny = Pnex
Approximate Analysis
Methods
Design: Pu Muy, Mux Pu, Puex, Puey
Approximate Analysis
Methods
1 1 1 1 1
   
Pn Pn P0x P0y P0
1
 Pn 
1 1 1
 
P0x P0y P0
Pn = Nominal axial load strength at eccentricities, ex
& ey Limited to cases when Pn  0.1 f c Ag
Biaxial Bending in Short
Columns
Analysis Procedure: Reciprocal Load Method
Bresler’s Formula:
1 1 1 1
  
Pn P0x P0y P0
Steps:
1) Calculate P0
2) Calculate P0y ( Pn for e = ex, ey = 0 )
3)Calculate P0x ( Pn for ex= 0, e = ey )
4) Calculate Pn (from Bresler’s Formula )
Biaxial Bending in Short
Columns

Pu   Pn
where, 
Biaxial Column Example
The section of a short tied
column is 16 x 24 in. and is
reinforced with 8 #10 bars as
shown. Determine the
allowable ultimate load on
the section Pn if its acts at
ex = 8 in. and ey = 12 in. Use
fc = 5 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.
Biaxial Column Example
Compute the P0 load, compression with no moments
Ast  8  1.27 in 2   10.16 in 2
P0  0.85 f c  Ag  Ast   Ast f y
 0.85  5 ksi    24.0 in.  24.0 in.  10.16 in 2 
  10.16 in 2   60 ksi 
 2198.4 k
Pn0  rP0  0.8  2198.4 k   1758.7 k
Biaxial Column Example
Compute Pnx, by starting with ey term and assume
that compression controls. Check by
2 2
ey  12 in.  d   21.5 in.  14.33 in.
3 3

Compute the nominal load, Pnx and assume second

compression steel does not contribute
assume small
Pn  Cc  Cs1  Cs2  T
 Biaxial Column Example
The components of the equilibrium equation are:

Cc  0.85  5 ksi   16 in.  0.8c   54.4 c

Cs1  3.81 in 2  60 ksi  0.85  5 ksi    212.4 kips
T  3.81 in 2
 fs 
d   21.5 in. 
fs    1  29000 ksi   0.003    1  87 ksi 
c   c 
Use similar triangles to find the stress in the steel, fs
Biaxial Column Example
Compute the moment about the tension steel:
 1c 
Pn e  Cc  d    Cs1  d  d  
 2 
where
e  9.5 in.  12 in.  21.5 in.
Pn  21.5 in.  54.4c  21.5 in.  0.4c 
 212.4 k  21.5 in.  2.5 in.
The resulting equation is:

Pn  54.4c  1.01c 2  187.7

Biaxial Column Example
Combine the two equations and solve for Pn using an
iterative solution
Pn  54.4c  212.4  3.81 f s

Pn  54.4c  1.01c 2  187.7

Set the two equation equal to one another and sole for fs
fs  0.265c 2  6.483

and the definition:  21.5 in. 

fs  87   1
 c 
Biaxial Column Example
Combine the two equations and solve for c using
an iterative technique
 21.5 in. 
87   1  0.265c 2  6.483
 c 

You are solving a cubic equation

c (in.) fs (ksi) RHS
15 37.7 66.12819
10 100.05 32.99194
13 56.88462 51.28315
13.3 53.6391 53.37471
13.315 53.48066 53.48054
Biaxial Column Example
Check the assumption that Cs2 is close to zero
 12 in.   12 in. 
fs2  1    87 ksi   1    87 ksi 
 c   13.315 in. 
 8.59 ksi
Cs2  2.54 in 2  8.59 ksi  0.85  5 ksi  
 11.0 kips

This value is small relative to the others

Biaxial Column Example
This Cs2 = 11 kips relatively small verses the
overall load, which is

Pn  54.4c  212.4  3.81 fs

 54.4  13.315 in.  212.4 k  3.81 53.48 ksi 
 733.0 k

So Pnx = 733.0 kips

Biaxial Column Example
Start with ex term and assume that compression
controls.
2 2
ex  8.0 in.  d   13.5 in.  9 in.
3 3
Compute the nominal load, Pny and assume second
compression steel does not contribute
assume small
Pn  Cc  Cs1  Cs2  T
Biaxial Column Example
The components of the equilibrium equation are:

Cc  0.85  5 ksi   24 in.  0.8c   81.6 c

Cs1  3.81 in 2  60 ksi  0.85  5 ksi    212.4 kips
T  3.81 in 2  f s 
d   13.5 in. 
fs    1  29000 ksi   0.003    1  87 ksi 
c   c 
Biaxial Column Example
Compute the moment about the tension steel:
 1c 
Pn e  Cc  d    Cs1  d  d  
 2 
where
e  5.5 in.  8 in.  13.5 in.
Pn  13.5 in.  81.6c  13.5 in.  0.4c 
 212.4 k  13.5 in.  2.5 in.
The resulting equation is:
Pn  81.6c  2.42c 2  173.07
Biaxial Column Example
Combine the two equations and solve for Pn using an
iterative solution
Pn  81.6c  212.4  3.81 f s

Pn  81.6c  2.42c 2  173.07

Set the two equation equal to one another and sole for fs
fs  0.634c 2  10.324

and the definition:  13.5 in. 

fs  87   1
 c 
Biaxial Column Example
Combine the two equations and solve for c using an
iterative technique
 13.5 in. 
87   1  0.634c 2  10.324
 c 

You are solving a cubic equation

c (in.) fs (ksi) RHS
10 30.45 73.76371
8 59.8125 50.92531
8.5 51.17647 56.15911
8.3 54.50602 54.02753
8.31735 54.21084 54.21043
Biaxial Column Example
Check the assumption that Cs2 is close to zero
 8 in. 
f s2  1    87 ksi 
 8.317 in. 
 3.32 ksi
Cs2  2.54 in 2  3.32 ksi  0.85  5 ksi  
 2.10 kips

This value is negative so it does not contribute

Biaxial Column Example
This Cs2= - 2.1 kips relatively small verses the
overall load, which is

Pn  81.6c  212.4  3.81 f s

 81.6  8.317 in.  212.4 k  3.81  54.21 ksi 
 684.6 k

So Pnx = 684.6 kips

 Biaxial Column Example
Compute the nominal load

1 1 1 1
  
Pn Pnx Pny Pn0
1 1 1
  
733.0 k 684.6 k 1758.7 k

Pn  443.2 k  Pu   Pn  0.65  443.2 k   288.1 k

 Biaxial Column Example
Note: the Pnx & Pny include the
corner steel bars in both
calculations a more
conservative solution would be
to use 1/2 the steel in each
direction so As= 2(1.27 in2)
which would reduce Pu .
(Remember fs can not be
greater than 60 ksi, so that Pnx
= 620.3 k and Pny= 578.4 k Pn =
360.7 k and Pu= 234.5 k )
Slender Columns
Columns
Slenderness ratio =
klu
r
Long with a relatively high slenderness ratio
where lateral or shear walls are required
Long with a medium slenderness ration that
will cause a reduction in strength
Short where the slenderness ratio is small
“Long” Columns
Slender Columns

Slender = Column with a significant reduction in

Column axial load capacity due to moments
resulting from lateral deflections of the
column (ACI Code: significant
reduction  5%)
“Long” Columns
Less than 10 % of columns in “braced” or “non-sway”
frames and less than half of columns in “unbraced” or
“sway” frames would be classified as “slender”
following ACI Code Procedure.
Effective Length
The effective length - klu
lu - It measures the clear distance between floors.
k - a factor, which represents the ratio of the distance
between points of zero moments in the columns
K Factor

  EI / l of columns
u

 EI / l of beams
u

A andB are the top and bottom factors of the

column. For a hinged end  is infinite or 10 and
for a fixed end  is zero or 1
K Factor
For a Braced Frame:(Non-sway)

k  0.70  0.05   A   B   1.0

k  smaller of 
 k  0.85  0.05 min  1.0
A andB are the top and bottom factors of the
column.
K Factor
For a Sway Frame:
a) Restrained @both ends
 20   m 
if  m   avg  2.0 : k    1  m
 20 
if  m  2.0 : k  0.9 1   m
b) One hinged or free end
k  2.0  0.3
Non-sway frames: 0  k  1.0
Sway frames: 1.0  k    typically k=1.5 
K Factor
The general assumptions are
- Structure consists of symmetric rectangular frames
- The girder moment at a joint is distributed to columns
according to their relative stiffness
- All columns reach their critical loads at the same time
General Formulation
Modulus of Elasticity
Ec  33w 1.5
fc

 57000 f c
Reinforced Moment (ACI 10.11.1)
I  0.35I g for a beam
I  0.70 I g for a column
General Formulation
Area
A  Ag
Moment of inertia shall be divided by (1 + d)
with sustain lateral loads

Max. factored sustain lateral load

d =
Max. factored axial load
K Factor
Use the  values to
obtain the K factors
for the columns.
“Long” Column
Eccentrically loaded pin-ended column.

Lateral deflection -
increases moment

M = P*( e + )
 “Long” Column
Eccentrically loaded pin-ended column.

o = first-order deflection due to Mo

a = second-order deflection due to Po
 “Long” Column
Eccentrically loaded pin-ended column.

OA - curve for end moment

OB - curve for maximum
column moment @ mid-
height)
Axial capacity is reduced
from A to B due to increase
in maximum moment due to
’s (slenderness effects)
“Long” Columns
From ACI Sec. 12.10.2 , the slenderness effects may
be neglected if
kLu M 
 34  12 1 
 
r  M2 
slenderness ratio

k = effective length factor (function of end restraints)

Non-sway frames 0.5  k  1.0
Sway frames 1.0  k  
“Long” Column - Slenderness
Ratio
Slenderness Ratio for
columns

(a) Pinned-Pinned
Connection
(b) Fixed-Fixed
Connection
“Long” Column - Slenderness
Ratio
Slenderness Ratio for
columns

(c) Fixed-Pinned
Connection
(d) Partial restrained
Connection
“Long” Column - Slenderness
Ratio
Slenderness Ratio for columns in frames
“Long” Column - Slenderness
Ratio
Slenderness Ratio for columns in frames
“Long” Column
lu = Unsupported height of column from top of
floor to bottom of beams or slab in floor

I
r = Radius of gyration 
A
= 0.3* overall depth of rectangular columns
= 0.25* overall depth of circular columns
“Long” Column
M1/M2 = Ratio of moments at two column ends, where
M2 > M1 (-1 to 1  range)

M1 M1
0 0
M2 M2

singular curvature double curvature

“Long” Columns
M1/M2 = Ratio of moments at two column ends
where M2 > M1 (-1.0 to 1.0 range)
- single curvature
- double curvature
M1 
 0 .5 
M2  is typically conservative

 (non-sway frames)
and k  1.0
Note Code (10.12.2) M1/M2  -0.5 non-sway frames
“Long” Column

M1 
 0.5
M2  is typically conservative  non - sway frames
and k  1.0
M1
Note: Code 10.12.2  0.5 (non-sway frames)
M2
klu
Possible range of = 22 to 40
r
Moment Magnification in
Non-sway Frames
If the slenderness effects need to be considered. The
non-sway magnification factor, ns, will cause an
increase in the magnitude of the design moment.
M c   ns M 2
where
Cm
 ns   1.0
 Pu 
1  
 0.75 Pc 
Moment Magnification in
Non-sway Frames
The components of the equation for an Euler bucking
load for pin-end column
 EI 2
Pc 
 klu 
2

and the stiffness, EI is taken as

0.2 Ec I g  Es I se 0.4 Ec I g
EI  
 EI 
1  d conservatively 1  d
Moment Magnification in
Non-sway Frames
A coefficient factor relating the actual moment
diagram to the equivalent uniform moment diagram.
For members without transverse loads
 M1 
Cm  0.6  0.4    0.4
 M2 
For other conditions, such as members with transverse
loads between supports, Cm = 1.0
Moment Magnification in
Non-sway Frames

The minimum allowable value of M2 is

M 2,min  Pu  0.6  0.03h 

The sway frame uses a similar technique, see the text

on the components.
Design of Long Columns-
Example
A rectangular braced column of a multistory frame
building has floor height lu =25 ft. It is subjected to
service dead-load moments M2= 3500 k-in. on top and
M1=2500 k-in. at the bottom. The service live load
moments are 80% of the dead-load moments. The
column carries a service axial dead-load PD = 200 k
and a service axial live-load PL = 350 k. Design the
cross section size and reinforcement for this column.
Given A = 1.3 and B = 0.9. Use a d’=2.5 in. cover
with an sustain load = 50 % and fc = 7 ksi and fy = 60
ksi.
 Design of Long Columns-
Example
Compute the factored loads and moments are 80% of
the dead loads
Pu  1.2 PD  1.6 PL  1.2  200 k   1.6  350 k 
 800 k
M 1u  1.2M D  1.6M L  1.2  2500 k-in   1.6  0.8   2500 k-in 
 6200 k-in.
M 2u  1.2M D  1.6M L  1.2  3500 k-in   1.6  0.8   3500 k-in 
 8680 k-in.
Design of Long Columns-
Example
Compute the k value for the braced compression
members
k  0.7  0.05   A   B   0.7  0.05  1.3  0.9 
 0.81  1.0
k  0.85  0.05 min  0.85  0.05  0.9 
 0.895  1.0

Therefore, use k = 0.81

Design of Long Columns-
Example
Check to see if slenderness is going to matter. An
initial estimate of the size of the column will be an
inch for every foot of height. So h = 25 in.

kln 0.81 25 ft   12 in./ft 

  32.4
r 0.3  25 in.
 6200 k-in. 
32.4  34  12    25.43
 8680 k-in. 
Design of Long Columns-
Example
So slenderness must be considered. Since frame has
no side sway, M2 = M2ns, s =0 Minimum M2

M 2,min  Pu  0.6  0.03h   800 k  0.6  0.03  25 in. 

 1080 k-in.  M 2  8680 k-in.
Design of Long Columns-
Example
Compute components of concrete
f c  33  150 
1.5
Ec  33w 1.5
7000
 5.07x106 psi  5.07x103 ksi

The moment of inertia is

 25 in.  25 in.
3 3
bh
Ig  
12 12
 32552 in 4
Design of Long Columns-
Example
Compute the stiffness

0.4 Ec I g 0.4  5.07x103 ksi   32552 in 4 

EI  
1  d 1  0.5
 4.4x10 k-in 7 2
Design of Long Columns-
Example
The critical load is

 EI2  2  4.4x107 k-in 2 

Pc  
 klu   0.81 25 ft  12 in.  
2 2

   
  ft  
 7354.3 k
Design of Long Columns- Example
Compute the coefficient

 M1 
Cm  0.6  0.4  
 M2 
 6200 k-in. 
 0.6  0.4    0.89  0.4
 8680 k-in. 
Design of Long Columns- Example
The magnification factor

Cm 0.89
 ns  
 Pu   800 k 
1   1  
 0.75 Pc   0.75  7354.3 k  
 1.04  1.0
Design of Long Columns-
Example
The design moment is

M c   ns M 2  1.04  8680 k-in.  9027.2 k-in.

Therefore the design conditions are

Pc  800 k & M c  9027.2 k-in.

9027.2 k-in.
e   11.28 in.
800 k
Design of Long Columns-
Example
Assume that the  = 2.0 % or 0.020

As  0.02  25 in.  12.5 in

2 2

Use 14 # 9 bars or 14 in2

As  7.0 in 2

Acs  7.0 in 2
Design of Long Columns-
Example
The column is compression controlled so c/d > 0.6.
Check the values for c/d = 0.6

c  0.6d  0.6  22.5 in.  13.5 in.

a  1c  0.7  13.5 in.  9.45 in.
Design of Long Columns-
Example
Check the strain in the tension steel and compression
steel.

 c  d   13.5 in.  2.5 in. 

 s1     cu    0.003
 c   13.5 in. 
 0.00244
f cs1  Es s1   29000 ksi   0.00244 
 70.76 ksi  f cs1  60 ksi
Design of Long Columns-
Example
The tension steel

 d c  22.5 in.  13.5 in. 

s     cu    0.003  0.002
 c   13.5 in. 
fs  Es s   29000 ksi   0.002 
 58 ksi
Design of Long Columns-
Example
Combined forces

Cc  0.85 f cba  0.85  7 ksi   25 in.  9.45 in.

 1405.7 k
Cs1  Acs  f cs  0.85 f c    7 in 2   60 ksi  0.85  7 ksi  
 378.35 k
T  As fs   7 in 2   58 ksi 
 406.0 k
Design of Long Columns-
Example
Combined force

Pn  Cc  Cs1  T
 1405.7 k  378.35 k  406.0 k
 1378.05 k
Design of Long Columns-
Example
Moment is
h a h   h
M n  Cc     Cs1   d    T  d  
2 2 2   2
 9.45 in. 
 1405.7 k 12.5 in.  
 2 
378.35 k  12.5 in.  2.5 in.
406.0 k  22.5 in.  12.5 in.
 18773 k-in
Design of Long Columns-
Example
The eccentricity is

M n 18773 k-in
e 
Pn 1378.05 k
 13.62 in.

Since the e = 11.28 in. < 13.62 in. The section is in the
compression controlled region  = 0.65. You will
want to match up the eccentricity with the design.
Design of Long Columns-
Example
Check the values for c/d = 0.66

c  0.66d  0.66  22.5 in.  14.85 in.

a  1c  0.7  14.85 in.  10.395 in.
Design of Long Columns-
Example
Check the strain in the tension steel and compression
steel.
 c  d   14.85 in.  2.5 in. 
 s1     cu    0.003
 c   14.85 in. 
 0.00249
f cs1  Es s1   29000 ksi   0.00249 
 72.35 ksi  f cs1  60 ksi
Design of Long Columns-
Example
The tension steel

 d c  22.5 in.  14.85 in. 

s     cu    0.003
 c   14.85 in. 
 0.00155
fs  Es s   29000 ksi   0.00155 
 44.82 ksi
Design of Long Columns-
Example
Combined forces

Cc  0.85 f cba  0.85  7 ksi   25 in.  10.395 in.

 1545.26 k
Cs1  Acs  f cs  0.85 f c    7 in 2   60 ksi  0.85  7 ksi  
 378.35 k
T  As fs   7 in 2   44.82 ksi 
 313.74 k
Design of Long Columns-
Example
Combined force

Pn  Cc  Cs1  T
 1546.26 k  378.35 k  313.74 k
 1610.9 k
Design of Long Columns-
Example
Moment is
h a h   h
M n  Cc     Cs1   d    T  d  
2 2 2   2
 10.395 in. 
 1545.26 k 12.5 in.  
 2 
378.35 k  12.5 in.  2.5 in.
313.74 k  22.5 in.  12.5 in.
 18205.2 k-in
Design of Long Columns-
Example
The eccentricity is
M n 18205.2 k-in
e 
Pn 1610.9 k
 11.30 in.

Since the e  11.28 in. The reduction factor is equal to

 = 0.65. Compute the design load and moment.
Design of Long Columns-
Example
The design conditions are
Pu   Pn  0.65  1610.9 k 
 1047.1 k  800 k OK!
M u   M n  0.65  18205.2 k-in 
 11833.4 k-in.  9027.2 k-in. OK!
 Design of Long Columns-
Example
Design the ties
Provide #3 ties, spacing will be the minimum of:
48dstirrup  48  0.375 in.  18 in.

s  smallest  16d bar  16  1.128 in.  18 in.  controls
 h  25 in.

Therefore, provide #3 ties @ 18 in. spacing.
Using Interaction
Diagrams
Determine eccentricity. Select steel sizes.
Estimate column size Design ties by ACI
required base on axial code
load.
Design sketch
Determine e/h and
required Pn/Ag
Determine which chart to
use.