Finance - Time Value of Money

Copyright 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3
Time Value of
Money: An
Introduction
3-2
Chapter Outline
3.3 The Time Value of Money and Interest
Rates
3.4 Valuing Cash Flows at Different Points in
Time
3-3
Learning Objectives
Understand the Valuation Principle, and
how it can be used to identify decisions
that increase the value of the firm
Assess the effect of interest rates on
todays value of future cash flows
Calculate the value of distant cash flows in
the present and of current cash flows in
the future
3-4
3.3 The Time Value of Money and
Interest Rates
The Time Value of Money
In general, a dollar today is worth more than a
dollar in one year
If you have $1 today and you can deposit it in a bank
at 10%, you will have $1.10 at the end of one year
The difference in value between money today
and money in the future the time value of
money.

3-5
Interest Rates
The Time Value of Money
Consider a firm's investment opportunity with a
cost of $100,000 today and a benefit of
$105,000 at the end of one year.

3-6
Figure 3.1 Converting Between Dollars
Today and Gold or Dollars in the Future
3-7
Interest Rates
The Interest Rate: Converting Cash Across
Time
By depositing money, we convert money today
into money in the future
By borrowing money, we exchange money
today for money in the future
3-8
Interest Rates
Time
Interest Rate (r)
The rate at which money can be borrowed or lent
over a given period
Interest Rate Factor (1 + r)
It is the rate of exchange between dollars today and
dollars in the future
It has units of $ in one year/$ today
3-9
Interest Rates
Value of $100,000 Investment in One Year
If the interest is 10%, the cost of the
investment is:
Cost = ($100,000 today) (1.10 $ in one year/$
today)
= $110,000 in one year
3-10
Interest Rates
Time
$110,000 is the opportunity cost of spending
$100,000 today
The firm gives up the $110,000 it would have had in
one year if it had left the money in the bank
Alternatively, by borrowing the $100,000 from the
same bank, the firm would owe $110,000 in one year.
3-11
Interest Rates
Time
The investments net value is difference
between the cost of the investment and the
benefit in one year:
$105,000 - $110,000 = -$5,000 in one year
3-12
Interest Rates
Time
Value of $100,000 Investment Today
How much would we need to have in the bank today
so that we would end up with $105,000 in the bank in
one year?
This is calculated by dividing by the interest rate factor:

3-13
Interest Rates
Time
Value of $100,000 Investment Today
The investments net value is difference between the
cost of the investment and the benefit in one year:
$95,454.55 - $100,000 = -$4,545.55 today
3-14
Interest Rates
Time
Present Versus Future Value
Present Value
The value of a cost or benefit computed in terms of
cash today
(-$4,545.45)
Future Value
The value of a cash flow that is moved forward in time
($5,000)
(-$4,545.45 today) (1.10 $ in one year/$ today) = -$5,000
in one year
3-15
Interest Rates
Time
Discount Factors and Rates
Money in the future is worth less today so its price
reflects a discount
Discount Rate
The appropriate rate to discount a cash flow to
determine its value at an earlier time
Discount Factor
The value today of a dollar received in the future,
expressed as:
1
1 r +
3-16
Example 3.4 Comparing Revenues at
Different Points in Time
Problem:
The launch of Sonys PlayStation 3 was delayed
until November 2006, giving Microsofts Xbox 360
a full year on the market without competition.
Imagine that it is November 2005 and you are the
marketing manager for the PlayStation. You
estimate that if the PlayStation 3 were ready to
be launched immediately, you could sell $2 billion
worth of the console in its first year. However, if
your launch is delayed a year, you believe that
Microsofts head start will reduce your first-year
sales by 20%. If the interest rate is 8%, what is
the cost of a delay in terms of dollars in 2005?
3-17
Solution:
Plan:
Revenues if released today: $2 billion
Revenue decrease if delayed: 20%
Interest rate: 8%
We need to compute the revenues if the launch is
delayed and compare them to the revenues from
launching today. However, in order to make a fair
comparison, we need to convert the future
revenues of the PlayStation if delayed into an
equivalent present value of those revenues today.
3-18
Execute:
If the launch is delayed to 2006, revenues will
drop by 20% of $2 billion, or $400 million, to
$1.6 billion.
To compare this amount to revenues of $2 billion
if launched in 2005, we must convert it using the
interest rate of 8%:
$1.6 billion in 2006 ($1.08 in 2006/$1 in 2005) = $1.481
billion in 2005
Therefore, the cost of a delay of one year is
$2 billion - $1.481 billion = $0.519 billion ($519
million).
3-19
Evaluate:
Delaying the project for one year was equivalent to giving
up $519 million in cash.
In this example, we focused only on the effect on the first
years revenues. However, delaying the launch delays the
entire revenue stream by one year, so the total cost would
be calculated in the same way by summing the cost of delay
for each year of revenues.
3-20
Example 3.4a Comparing Revenues
at Different Points in Time
Problem:
The launch of Sonys PlayStation 3 was delayed
until November 2006, giving Microsofts Xbox 360
a full year on the market without competition.
Imagine that it is November 2005 and you are the
marketing manager for the PlayStation. You
estimate that if the PlayStation 3 were ready to
be launched immediately, you could sell $3 billion
worth of the console in its first year. However, if
your launch is delayed a year, you believe that
Microsofts head start will reduce your first-year
sales by 35%. If the interest rate is 6%, what is
the cost of a delay in terms of dollars in 2005?
3-21
Solution:
Plan:
Revenues if released today: $3 billion, Revenue
decrease if delayed: 35% , Interest rate: 6%
We need to compute the revenues if the launch is
delayed and compare them to the revenues from
launching today.
However, in order to make a fair comparison, we
need to convert the future revenues of the
PlayStation if delayed into an equivalent present
value of those revenues today.
3-22
Execute:
If the launch is delayed to 2006, revenues will
drop by 35% of $3 billion, or $1.05 billion, to
$1.95 billion.
To compare this amount to revenues of $3 billion
if launched in 2005, we must convert it using the
interest rate of 6%:
$1.95 billion in 2006 ($1.06 in 2006/$1 in 2005) =
$1.840 billion in 2005
Therefore, the cost of a delay of one year is
$3 billion - $1.840 billion = $1.160 billion
3-23
Evaluate:
Delaying the project for one year was equivalent to giving
up $1.16 billion in cash.
In this example, we focused only on the effect on the first
years revenues.
However, delaying the launch delays the entire revenue
stream by one year, so the total cost would be calculated in
the same way by summing the cost of delay for each year of
revenues.
3-24
Interest Rates
Timelines
Constructing a Timeline
Identifying Dates on a Timeline
Date 0 is today, the beginning of the first year
Date 1 is the end of the first year

3-25
Interest Rates
Timelines
Distinguishing Cash Inflows from Outflows

Representing Various Time Periods
Just change the label from Year to Month if
monthly
3-26
3.4 Valuing Cash Flows at Different
Points in Time
Rule 1: Comparing and Combining Values
It is only possible to compare or combine
values at the same point in time

3-27
Points in Time
Rule 2: Compounding
To calculate a cash flows future value, you
must compound it

3-28
Points in Time
Rule 2: Compounding
Compound Interest
The effect of earning interest on interest
3-29
Figure 3.2 The Composition of Interest
over Time
3-30
Points in Time
Rule 3: Discounting
To calculate the value of a future cash flow at
an earlier point in time, we must discount it.

3-31
Points in Time
If $826.45 is invested today for two years
at 10% interest, the future value will be
$1000

3-32
Points in Time
If $1000 were three years away, the
present value, if the interest rate is 10%,
will be $751.31
3-33
Example 3.5 Present Value of a
Single Future Cash Flow
Problem:
You are considering investing in a savings bond that will pay
$15,000 in ten years. If the competitive market interest
rate is fixed at 6% per year, what is the bond worth today?
3-34
Solution:
Plan:
First set up your timeline. The cash flows for this
bond are represented by the following timeline:

Thus, the bond is worth $15,000 in ten years. To
determine the value today, we compute the
present value using Eq. 3.2 and our interest rate
of 6%.
3-35
Execute:
10
15, 000
$8,375.92 today
1.06
PV = =
Given: 10 6 0 15,000
Solve for:
-
8,375.92
Excel Formula: =PV(RATE,NPER, PMT, FV) = PV(0.06,10,0,15000)
3-36
Evaluate:
The bond is worth much less today than its final payoff
because of the time value of money.
3-37
Example 3.5a Present Value of a
Problem:
XYZ Company expects to receive a cash flow of $2 million in
five years. If the competitive market interest rate is fixed at
4% per year, how much can they borrow today in order to
be able to repay the loan in its entirety with that cash flow?
3-38
Solution:
Plan:
First set up your timeline. The cash flows for the loan are
represented by the following timeline:

Thus, XYZ Company will be able to repay the loan with its
expected $2 million cash flow in five years. To determine the
value today, we compute the present value using Eq. 3.2 and
our interest rate of 4%.
3-39
Execute:
Given: 5 4 0 2,000,000
Solve for: -1,643,854.21
3-40
Evaluate:
The loan is much less than the $2 million the company will
pay back because of the time value of money.
3-41
Example 3.5b Present Value of a
Problem:
You are considering investing in a savings bond that will pay
$20,000 in twenty years. If the competitive market interest
rate is fixed at 5% per year, what is the bond worth today?
3-42
Solution
Plan:
First set up your timeline. The cash flows for this
bond are represented by the following timeline:

Thus, the bond is worth $20,000 in twenty years.
To determine the value today, we compute the
present value using Eq. 3.2 and our interest rate
of 5%.
3-43
Execute:
20
20, 000
$7,537.79 today
1.05
PV = =
Given: 20 5 0 20,000
Solve for: -7,357.79
3-44
Evaluate:
The bond is worth much less today than its final payoff
because of the time value of money.
3-45
Chapter Quiz
1. If crude oil trades in a competitive market, would
an oil refiner that has a use for the oil value it
differently than another investor would?
2. How do we determine whether a decision
increases the value of the firm?
3. Is the value today of money to be received in one
year higher when interest rates are high or when
interest rates are low?
4. What do you need to know to compute a cash
flows present or future value?
Chapter 4
Time Value
of Money:
Valuing Cash
Flow
Streams
3-47
Chapter Outline
4.1 Valuing a Stream of Cash Flows
4.2 Perpetuities
4.3 Annuities
4.4 Growing Cash Flows
4.5 Solving for Variables Other Than Present Value
or Future Value
3-48
Learning Objectives
Value a series of many cash flows
Value a perpetual series of regular cash flows called a
perpetuity
Value a common set of regular cash flows called an annuity
Value both perpetuities and annuities when the cash flows
grow at a constant rate
Compute the number of periods, cash flow, or rate of return
in a loan or investment
3-49
Rules developed in Chapter 3:
Rule 1: Only values at the same point in time
can be compared or combined.
Rule 2: To calculate a cash flows future value,
we must compound it.
Rule 3: To calculate the present value of a
future cash flow, we must discount it.

3-50
Applying the Rules of Valuing Cash Flows
Suppose we plan to save $1,000 today, and
$1,000 at the end of each of the next two years.
If we earn a fixed 10% interest rate on our
savings, how much will we have three years from
today?
3-51
We can do this in several ways.
First, take the deposit at date 0 and move it
forward to date 1.
Combine those two amounts and move the
combined total forward to date 2.

3-52
Continuing in the same fashion, we can solve the
problem as follows:
3-53
Another approach is to compute the future value
in year 3 of each cash flow separately.
Once all amounts are in year 3 dollars, combine
them.
3-54
Consider a stream of cash flows: C
0
at
date 0, C
1
at date 1, and so on, up to C
N
at
date N.

We compute the present value of this cash
flow stream in two steps.

3-55
First, compute the present value of each cash
flow.
Then combine the present values.

3-56
Example 4.1
Present Value of a Stream of Cash Flows
Problem:
You have just graduated and need money to buy a new car.
Your rich Uncle Henry will lend you the money so long as
you agree to pay him back within four years.
You offer to pay him the rate of interest that he would
otherwise get by putting his money in a savings account.

3-57
Example 4.1
(contd)
Problem:
Based on your earnings and living expenses, you think you
will be able to pay him $5000 in one year, and then $8000
each year for the next three years.
If Uncle Henry would otherwise earn 6% per year on his
savings, how much can you borrow from him?

3-58
Example 4.1
(contd)
Solution:
Plan:
The cash flows you can promise Uncle Henry are as follows:

Uncle Henry should be willing to give you an amount equal
to these payments in present value terms.

3-59
Example 4.1
(contd)
Plan:
We will:
Solve the problem using equation 4.1
Verify our answer by calculating the future value of this
amount.
3-60
Example 4.1
(contd)
Execute:
We can calculate the PV as follows:

2 3 4
5000 8000 8000 8000
1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06
4716.98 7119.97 6716.95 6336.75
$24,890.65
PV = + + +
= + + +
=
3-61
Example 4.1
(contd)
Execute:
Now, suppose that Uncle Henry gives you the money, and
then deposits your payments in the bank each year.
How much will he have four years from now?

3-62
Example 4.1
(contd)
Execute:
We need to compute the future value of the annual
deposits.
One way is to compute the bank balance each year.

3-63
Example 4.1
(contd)
Execute:
To verify our answer, suppose your uncle kept his
$24,890.65 in the bank today earning 6% interest.
In four years he would have:

FV= $24,890.65(1.06)
4
=$31,423.87 in 4 years
3-64
Example 4.1
(contd)
Evaluate:
Thus, Uncle Henry should be willing to lend you $24,890.65
in exchange for your promised payments.
This amount is less than the total you will pay him
($5000+$8000+$8000+$8000=$29,000) due to the time
value of money.
3-65
Example 4.1a
Problem:
You have just graduated and need money to pay
the deposit on an apartment.
Your rich aunt will lend you the money so long as
you agree to pay her back within six months.
You offer to pay her the rate of interest that she
would otherwise get by putting her money in a
savings account.

3-66
Example 4.1a
(contd)
Problem:
Based on your earnings and living expenses, you think you
will be able to pay her $70 next month, $85 in each of the
next two months, and then $900 each month for months 4
through 6.
If your aunt would otherwise earn 6% per year on her
savings, how much can you borrow from her?

3-67
Example 4.1a
(contd)
Solution:
Plan:
The cash flows you can promise your aunt are as follows:

She should be willing to give you an amount equal to these
payments in present value terms.

3-68
Example 4.1a
(contd)
Plan:
We will:
Solve the problem using equation 4.1
Verify our answer by calculating the future value of this
amount.
3-69
Example 4.1a Present Value of a Stream
of Cash Flows (contd)
Execute:
We can calculate the PV as follows:

2 3 4 5 6
70 85 85 90 90 90
1.005 1.005 1.005 1.005 1.005 1.005
$69.65 $84.16 $83.74 $88.22 $87.78 $87.35
$500.90
PV = + + + + +
= + + + + +
=
3-70
Example 4.1a
(contd)
Execute:
Now, suppose that your aunt gives you the money, and
then deposits your payments in the bank each month.
How much will she have six months from now?

3-71
Example 4.1a
(contd)
Execute:
We need to compute the future value of the monthly
deposits.
One way is to compute the bank balance each month.

3-72
Example 4.1a
(contd)
Execute:
To verify our answer, suppose your aunt kept her $500.90
in the bank today earning 6% interest.
In six months she would have:

FV= $500.90(1.005)
6
=$516.11 in 6 months
3-73
Example 4.1a
(contd)
Evaluate:
Thus, your aunt should be willing to lend you $500.90 in
exchange for your promised payments.
This amount is less than the total you will pay her
($70+$85+$85+$90+$90+$90=$510) due to the time
value of money.
3-74
Using a Financial Calculator: Solving for Present
and Future Values
Financial calculators and spreadsheets have the
formulas pre-programmed to quicken the process.
There are five variables used most often:
N
PV
PMT
FV
I/Y
3-75
Example 1:
Suppose you plan to invest $20,000 in an account
paying 8% interest.
How much will you have in the account in 15
years?
To compute the solution, we enter the four
variables we know and solve for the one we want
to determine, FV.

3-76
Example 1:
For the HP-10BII or the TI-BAII Plus calculators:
Enter 15 and press the N key.
Enter 8 and press the I/Y key (I/YR for the HP)
Enter -20,000 and press the PV key.
Enter 0 and press the PMT key.
Press the FV key (for the TI, press CPT and then FV).

3-77
Given: 15 8 -20,000 0
Solve for: 63,443
Excel Formula: = FV(0.08,15,0,-20000)
Notice that we entered PV (the amount were putting in to the
bank) as a negative number and FV is shown as a positive number
(the amount we take out of the bank).

It is important to enter the signs correctly to indicate the direction
the funds are flowing.

3-78
Example 4.2
Computing the Future Value
Problem:
Lets revisit the savings plan we considered earlier. We plan
to save $1000 today and at the end of each of the next two
years.
At a fixed 10% interest rate, how much will we have in the
bank three years from today?
3-79
Example 4.2 Computing the Future
Value (contd)
Solution:
Plan:
Well start with the timeline for this savings plan:

Lets solve this in a different way than we did in
the text, while still following the rules.

3-80
Value (contd)
Plan:
First well compute the present value of the cash flows.
Then well compute its value three years later (its future
value).

3-81
Value (contd)
Execute:
There are several ways to calculate the present value of the
cash flows.
Here, we treat each cash flow separately an then combine
the present values.

3-82
Value (contd)
Execute:
Saving $2735.54 today is equivalent to saving $1000 per
year for three years.
Now lets compute future value in year 3 of that $2735.54:

3-83
Value (contd)
Evaluate:
The answer of $3641 is precisely the same result we found
earlier.
As long as we apply the three rules of valuing cash flows,
we will always get the correct answer.

3-84
4.2 Perpetuities
The formulas we have developed so far allow us
to compute the present or future value of any
cash flow stream.
Now we will consider two types of cash flow
streams:
Perpetuities
Annuities
3-85
4.2 Perpetuities
Perpetuities
A perpetuity is a stream of equal cash flows
that occur at regular intervals and last forever.
Here is the timeline for a perpetuity:
the first cash flow does not occur immediately;
it arrives at the end of the first period
3-86
4.2 Perpetuities
Using the formula for present value, the
present value of a perpetuity with
payment C and interest rate r is given by:

Notice that all the cash flows are the
same.
Also, the first cash flow starts at time 1.

2 3
C C C
......
(1 r) (1 r) (1 r)
PV= + + +
+ + +
3-87
4.2 Perpetuities
Lets derive a shortcut by creating our own
perpetuity.
Suppose you can invest $100 in a bank
account paying 5% interest per year
forever.
At the end of the year youll have $105 in
the bank your original $100 plus $5 in
interest.

3-88
4.2 Perpetuities
Suppose you withdraw the $5 and reinvest
the $100 for another year.
By doing this year after year, you can
withdraw $5 every year in perpetuity:
3-89
4.2 Perpetuities
To generalize, suppose we invest an
amount P at an interest rate r.
Every year we can withdraw the interest
we earned, C=r P, leaving P in the bank.
Because the cost to create the perpetuity
is the investment of principal, P, the value
of receiving C in perpetuity is the upfront
cost, P.
3-90
4.2 Perpetuities

PV(C in perpetuity) =
C
r
(Eq. 4.4)
Present Value of a Perpetuity
3-91
Example 4.3
Endowing a Perpetuity
Problem:
You want to endow an annual graduation party at your alma
mater. You want the event to be a memorable one, so you
budget $30,000 per year forever for the party.
If the university earns 8% per year on its investments, and
if the first party is in one years time, how much will you
need to donate to endow the party?
3-92
Solution:
Plan:
The timeline of the cash flows you want to
provide is:
This is a standard perpetuity of $30,000 per
year. The funding you would need to give the
university in perpetuity is the present value of
this cash flow stream
Example 4.3
Endowing a Perpetuity (contd)
3-93
Example 4.3
Execute:
From the formula for a perpetuity,

PV = C/ r =$30, 000/ 0.08 =$375,000 today
3-94
Example 4.3
Evaluate:
If you donate $375,000 today, and if the university invests
it at 8% per year forever, then the graduates will have
$30,000 every year for their graduation party.

3-95
Example 4.3a
Endowing a Perpetuity
Problem:
You just won the lottery, and you want to endow a
professorship at your alma mater.
You are willing to donate $4 million of your winnings for this
purpose.
If the university earns 5% per year on its investments, and
the professor will be receiving her first payment in one year,
how much will the endowment pay her each year?
3-96
Solution:
Plan:
The timeline of the cash flows you want to
provide is:
This is a standard perpetuity. The amount she can
withdraw each year and keep the principal intact
is the cash flow when solving equation 4.4.
Example 4.3a
3-97
Example 4.3a
Execute:
From the formula for a perpetuity,

3-98
Example 4.3a
Evaluate:
If you donate $4,000,000 today, and if the university
invests it at 5% per year forever, then the chosen professor
will receive $200,000 every year.

3-99
4.3 Annuities
Annuities
An annuity is a stream of N equal cash flows
paid at regular intervals.
The difference between an annuity and
a perpetuity is that an annuity ends after
some fixed number of payments
3-100
4.3 Annuities
Present Value of An Annuity
Note that, just as with the perpetuity, we
assume the first payment takes place one
period from today.

To find a simpler formula, use the same
approach as we did with a perpetuity:
create your own annuity.
2 3 N
C C C C
......
(1 r) (1 r) (1 r) (1 r)
PV= + + +
+ + + +
3-101
4.3 Annuities
With an initial $100 investment at 5%
interest, you can create a 20-year annuity
of $5 per year, plus you will receive an
extra $100 when you close the account at
the end of 20 years:
3-102
4-
102
4.3 Annuities
The Law of One Price tells us that because
it only took an initial investment of $100
to create the cash flows on the timeline,
the present value of these cash flows is
$100:

$100 20- year annuity of $5 per year $100 in 20 years PV( ) PV( ) = +
3-103
4.3 Annuities
Rearranging:

20
20- year annuity of $5 per year $100 $100 in 20 years
$100
$100- $100 $37.69 $62.31
(1.05)
PV( ) PV( )
=
=
= =
3-104
4.3 Annuities
We usually want to know the PV as a
function of C, r, and N.
Since C can be written as $100(0.05)=$5,
we can further re-arrange:

20 20
20
$5
$5 $5 1
0.05
20- year annuity of $5 per year - 1
0.05 (1.05) 0.05 1.05
1 1
$5 1
(0.05) 1.05
PV( )=
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
3-105
4.3 Annuities
In general:

1 1
(annuity of C for N periods with interest rate r) 1
(1
N
PV C
r
r)
| |
=
|
|
+
\ .
3-106
Example 4.4
Present Value of a Lottery Prize
Annuity
Problem:
You are the lucky winner of the $30 million state lottery.
You can take your prize money either as (a) 30 payments of
$1 million per year (starting today), or (b) $15 million paid
today.
If the interest rate is 8%, which option should you take?
3-107
Example 4.4
Annuity (contd)
Solution:
Plan:
Option (a) provides $30 million in prize money but paid over
time. To evaluate it correctly, we must convert it to a
present value. Here is the timeline:
3-108
Example 4.4
Annuity (contd)
Plan (contd):
Because the first payment starts today, the last payment
will occur in 29 years (for a total of 30 payments).
The $1 million at date 0 is already stated in present value
terms, but we need to compute the present value of the
remaining payments.
Fortunately, this case looks like a 29-year annuity of $1
million per year, so we can use the annuity formula.
3-109
Example 4.4
Annuity (contd)
Execute:
From the formula for an annuity,

PV( 29-year annuity of $1million) = $1 million
1
0.08
1
1
1.08
29
|
\
|
.
|
= $1 million 11.16
= $11.16 million today
3-110
Example 4.4
Annuity (contd)
Execute (contd):
Thus, the total present value of the cash flows is $1 million
+ $11.16 million = $12.16 million. In timeline form:
3-111
Example 4.4
Annuity (contd)
Execute (contd):
Financial calculators or Excel can handle annuities easily
just enter the cash flow in the annuity as the PMT:
Given: 29 8.0 1,000,000 0
Solve for: -11,158,406
3-112
Example 4.4
Present Value of a Lottery Prize Annuity
(contd)
Evaluate:
The reason for the difference is the time value of money.
If you have the $15 million today, you can use $1 million
immediately and invest the remaining $14 million at an 8%
interest rate.
This strategy will give you $14 million 8% = $1.12 million
per year in perpetuity!
Alternatively, you can spend $15 million $11.16 million =
$3.84 million today, and invest the remaining $11.16
million, which will still allow you to withdraw $1 million each
year for the next 29 years before your account is depleted.
3-113
Example 4.4a
Present Value of an Annuity
Problem:
Your parents have made you an offer you cant refuse.
Theyre planning to give you part of your inheritance
early.
Theyve given you a choice.
Theyll pay you $10,000 per year for each of the next
seven years (beginning today) or theyll give you their
2007 BMW M6 Convertible, which you can sell for
$61,000 (guaranteed) today.
If you can earn 7% annually on your investments,
which should you choose?
3-114
Example 4.4a
Present Value of an Annuity (contd)
Solution:
Plan:
Option (a) provides $10,000 paid over time. To evaluate it
correctly, we must convert it to a present value. Here is the
timeline:
3-115
Example 4.4a
Plan (contd):
The $10,000 at date 0 is already stated in present value
terms, but we need to compute the present value of the
remaining payments.
Fortunately, this case looks like a 6-year annuity of $10,000
per year, so we can use the annuity formula.
3-116
Example 4.4a
Execute:
From the formula for a annuity,

3-117
Example 4.4a
Execute (contd):
Thus, the total present value of the cash flows is $10,000 +
$47,665. In timeline form:
3-118
Example 4.4a
Execute (contd):
Financial calculators or Excel can handle annuities easily
just enter the cash flow in the annuity as the PMT:
Given: 6 7 10000 0
Solve for: -47,665
3-119
Example 4.4a
Evaluate:
Lucky you!
Even if you dont want to keep it, the fact that you can sell
it for more than the annuity is worth means youre better off
taking the BMW.
3-120
4.3 Annuities
(annuity) (1
1
1 (1 )
(1 )
1
((1 ) 1)
N
N
N
N
FV PV r)
C
r
r
r
C r
r
= +
| |
= +
|
|
+
\ .
= +
(Eq. 4.6)
Future Value of an Annuity
3-121
Example 4.5
Retirement Savings Plan Annuity
Problem:
Ellen is 35 years old, and she has decided it is time to plan
seriously for her retirement.
At the end of each year until she is 65, she will save
$10,000 in a retirement account.
If the account earns 10% per year, how much will Ellen
have saved at age 65?
3-122
Example 4.5
(contd)
Solution
Plan:
As always, we begin with a timeline. In this case, it is helpful
to keep track of both the dates and Ellens age:
3-123
Example 4.5
(contd)
Plan (contd):
Ellens savings plan looks like an annuity of
$10,000 per year for 30 years.
(Hint: It is easy to become confused when you
just look at age, rather than at both dates and
age. A common error is to think there are only
65-36= 29 payments. Writing down both dates
and age avoids this problem.)
To determine the amount Ellen will have in the
bank at age 65, well need to compute the future
value of this annuity.
3-124
Example 4.5
Execute:

Using Financial calculators or Excel:
FV = $10,000
1
0.10
(1.10
30
1)
= $10,000 164.49
= $1.645 million at age 65
Given: 30 10.0 0 -10,000
Solve for: -1,644,940
Excel Formula: =FV(RATE,NPER, PMT, PV) = FV(0.10,30,10000,0)
3-125
Example 4.5
Evaluate:
By investing $10,000 per year for 30 years (a total of
$300,000) and earning interest on those investments, the
compounding will allow her to retire with $1.645 million.
3-126
Example 4.5a
Problem:
Adam is 25 years old, and he has decided it is time to plan
seriously for his retirement.
He will save $10,000 in a retirement account at the end of
each year until he is 45.
At that time, he will stop paying into the account, though he
does not plan to retire until he is 65.
If the account earns 10% per year, how much will Adam
have saved at age 65?
3-127
Example 4.5a
Solution
Plan:
As always, we begin with a timeline. In this case, it is
helpful to keep track of both the dates and Adams age:
3-128
Example 4.5a
Adams savings plan looks like an annuity of $10,000 per
year for 20 years.
The money will then remain in the account until Adam is 65
20 more years.
To determine the amount Adam will have in the bank at age
45, well need to compute the future value of this annuity.
Then well compound the future value into the future 20
more years to see how much hell have at 65.
3-129
Example 4.5a
Execute:

Given: 20 10.0 0 -10,000
Solve for: $572,750
Excel Formula: =FV(RATE,NPER, PMT, PV) = FV(0.10,20,10000,0)
3-130
Example 4.5a
Execute:

Given: 20 10.0 -$572,750 0
Solve for: $3,853,175
Excel Formula: =FV(RATE,NPER, PMT, PV) = FV(0.10,20,0,-572750)
3-131
Example 4.5a
Evaluate:
By investing $10,000 per year for 20 years (a
total of $200,000) and earning interest on those
investments, the compounding will allow him to
retire with $3.85 million.
Even though he invested for 10 fewer years than
Ellen did, Adam will end up with more than twice
as much money because hes starting his
retirement plan ten years earlier than she will.
3-132
A growing perpetuity is a stream of cash
flows that occur at regular intervals and
grow at a constant rate forever.
For example, a growing perpetuity with a
first payment of $100 that grows at a rate
of 3% has the following timeline:
3-133

PV(growing perpetuity) =
C
r g
(Eq. 4.7)
Present Value of a Growing
Perpetuity
3-134
Example 4.6
Endowing a Growing Perpetuity
Problem:
In Example 4.3, you planned to donate money to your alma
mater to fund an annual $30,000 graduation party.
Given an interest rate of 8% per year, the required donation
was the present value of PV=$30,000/0.08=$375,000.
Before accepting the money, however, the student
association has asked that you increase the donation to
account for the effect of inflation on the cost of the party in
future years.
Although $30,000 is adequate for next years party, the
students estimate that the partys cost will rise by 4% per
year thereafter.
To satisfy their request, how much do you need to donate
now?
3-135
Example 4.6
(contd)
Solution:
Plan:
The cost of the party next year is $30,000, and the cost
then increases 4% per year forever. From the timeline, we
recognize the form of a growing perpetuity and can value it
that way.
3-136
Example 4.6
(contd)
Execute:
To finance the growing cost, you need to
provide the present value today of:

PV = $30,000 / (0.08 0.04) = $750,000 today
3-137
Example 4.6
(contd)
Evaluate:
You need to double the size of your gift!

3-138
Example 4.6a
Problem:
In Example 4.3a, you planned to donate $4 million to your
alma mater to fund an endowed professorship.
Given an interest rate of 7% per year, the professor would
be able to collect $200,000 per year from your generosity.
The inflation rate is expected to be 2% per year.
How much can the professor be paid in the first year in
order to allow her annual salary to increase by 2% each
year and keep the principal intact?
3-139
Example 4.6a
(contd)
Solution:
Plan:
The salary needs to increase 2% per year forever. From the
timeline, we recognize the form of a growing perpetuity and
can value it that way.
3-140
Example 4.6a
(contd)
Evaluate:
She can only withdraw $120,000 in her first year.

In the second year, her payment will be $120,000
X 1.02 = $122,400 and the payments will
continue to increase each year.

3-141
Present Value of a Growing Annuity
A growing annuity is a stream of N
growing cash flows, paid at regular
intervals
It is a growing perpetuity that eventually
comes to an end.
3-142
The following timeline shows a growing
annuity with initial cash flow C, growing at
a rate of g every period until period N:
3-143
Present Value of a Growing Annuity:
N
1 1
1
1
g
PV= C
r - g r
| |
+
| |

| |
+
\ .
\ .
3-144
Example 4.7
Retirement Savings with a Growing
Annuity
Problem:
In Example 4.5, Ellen considered saving $10,000 per year
for her retirement. Although $10,000 is the most she can
save in the first year, she expects her salary to increase
each year so that she will be able to increase her savings by
5% per year. With this plan, if she earns 10% per year on
her savings, how much will Ellen have saved at age 65?
3-145
Example 4.7
Annuity (contd)
Solution:
Plan:
Her new savings plan is represented by the following
timeline:

This example involves a 30-year growing annuity with a growth
rate of 5% and an initial cash flow of $10,000. We can use Eq.
4.8 to solve for the present value of a growing annuity.
3-146
Example 4.7
Annuity (contd)
Execute:
The present value of Ellens growing annuity is
given by:

30
1 1.05
$10, 000 1
0.10 - 0.05 1.10
$10, 000 15.0463
$150, 463today
PV=

| |
| |

| |
\ .
\ .
=
=
3-147
Example 4.7
Annuity (contd)
30
$150, 463 1.10
$2.625
FV=
million in 30 years
=
Execute:
Ellens proposed savings plan is equivalent to
having $150,463 in the bank today. To determine
the amount she will have at age 65, we need to
move this amount forward 30 years:

3-148
Example 4.7
Annuity (contd)
Evaluate:
Ellen will have saved $2.625 million at age 65 using
the new savings plan. This sum is almost $1 million
more than she had without the additional annual
increases in savings.

Because she is increasing her savings amount each
year and the interest on the cumulative increases
continues to compound, her final savings is much
greater.
3-149
Example 4.7a
Annuity
Problem:
In Example 4.5a, Adam considered saving $10,000 per year
for his retirement. Although $10,000 is the most he can
save in the first year, he expects his salary to increase each
year so that he will be able to increase his savings by 4%
per year. With this plan, if he earns 10% per year on his
savings, how much will Adam have saved at age 65?
3-150
Example 4.7a
Annuity (contd)
Solution:
Plan:
His new savings plan is represented by the following
timeline:

This example involves a 20-year growing annuity with a growth
rate of 4% and an initial cash flow of $10,000. We can use Eq.
4.8 to solve for the present value of a growing annuity.
3-151
Example 4.7a
Annuity (contd)
Execute:
The present value of Adams growing annuity is
given by:

20
1 1.04
$10, 000 1
0.10 - 0.04 1.10
$10, 000 11.2384
$112,384today
PV=

| |
| |

| |
\ .
\ .
=
=
3-152
Example 4.7a
Annuity (contd)
40
$112,384 1.10
$5, 086, 416
FV=
in 40 years
=
Execute:
Adams proposed savings plan is equivalent to
having $112,384 in the bank today. To determine
the amount he will have at age 65, we need to move
this amount forward 40 years:

3-153
Example 4.7a
Annuity (contd)
Evaluate:
Adam will have saved $5.086 million at age 65
using the new savings plan. This sum is over $1
million more than he had without the additional
annual increases in savings.

Because he is increasing his savings amount each
year and the interest on the cumulative increases
continues to compound, his final savings is much
greater.
3-154
4.5 Solving for Variables Other Than
Present Value or Future Value
In some situations, we use the present
and/or future values as inputs, and solve
for the variable we are interested in.
We examine several special cases in this
section.
3-155

C =
P
1
r
1
1
(1+ r)
N
|
\
|
.
|
(Eq. 4.8)
Solving for Cash Flows
3-156
Example 4.8
Computing a Loan Payment
Problem:
Your firm plans to buy a warehouse for $100,000.
The bank offers you a 30-year loan with equal annual
payments and an interest rate of 8% per year.
The bank requires that your firm pay 20% of the purchase
price as a down payment, so you can borrow only $80,000.
What is the annual loan payment?
3-157
Example 4.8
Computing a Loan Payment (contd)
Solution:
Plan:
We start with the timeline (from the banks
perspective):
Using Eq. 4.8, we can solve for the loan payment,
C, given N=30, r = 8% (0.08) and P=$80,000
3-158
Example 4.8
Execute:
Eq. 4.8 gives the payment (cash flow) as follows:

C =
P
1
r
1
1
(1+ r)
N
|
\
|
.
|
=
80, 000
1
0.08
1
1
(1.08)
30
|
\
|
.
|
= $7106.19
3-159
Example 4.8
Execute (contd):
Using a financial calculator or Excel:
Given: 30 8.0 -80,000 0
Solve for: 7106.19
Excel Formula: =PMT(RATE,NPER, PV, FV) =
PMT(0.08,30,-80000,0)
3-160
Example 4.8
Evaluate:
Your firm will need to pay $7,106.19 each year to repay the
loan.
The bank is willing to accept these payments because the
PV of 30 annual payments of $7,106.19 at 8% interest rate
per year is exactly equal to the $80,000 it is giving you
today.
3-161
Example 4.8a
Computing a Loan Payment
Problem:
Suppose you accept your parents offer of a 2007 BMW M6
convertible, but thats not the kind of car you want.
Instead, you sell the car for $61,000, spend $11,000 on a
used Corolla, and use the remaining $50,000 as a down
payment for a house.
The bank offers you a 30-year loan with equal monthly
payments and an interest rate of 6% per year, and requires
a 20% down payment.
How much can you borrow, and what will be the payment
on the loan?
3-162
Example 4.8a
Solution:
Plan:
To calculate the amount we can borrow, we need to find out
what amount $50,000 is 20% of:
$50,000 = .2 X Value
Value = $50,000/.2 = $250,000
Because youll be putting $50,000 down, your loan amount
will be $250,000 - $50,000 = $200,000.
3-163
Example 4.8a
Solution:
Plan:
We start with the timeline:

Note, we need to use the monthly interest rate. Since the
quoted rate is an APR, we can just divide the annual rate by
12:
r = .06/12 = .005
3-164
Example 4.8a
Execute:
Eq. 4.8 gives the payment (cash flow) as follows:

= $1,199.10
3-165
Example 4.8a
Execute (contd):
Using a financial calculator or Excel:
Given: 360 0.5 200,000 0
Solve for: -1199.10
Excel Formula: =PMT(RATE,NPER, PV, FV) =
PMT(0.005,360,200000,0)
3-166
Rate of Return
The rate of return is the rate at which the
present value of the benefits exactly offsets the
cost.
3-167
Suppose you have an investment
opportunity that requires a $1000
investment today and will pay $2000 in six
years.
What interest rate, r, would you need so
that the present value of what you get is
exactly equal to the present value of what
you give up?

6
2000
1000
(1 r)
=
+
3-168
Rearranging:

6
1
6
1000 (1 r) 2000
2000
1 r
1000
1.1225, or
r 12.25%
+ =
| |
+ =
|
\ .
=
=
3-169
Suppose your firm needs to purchase a
new forklift.
The dealer gives you two options:
A price for the forklift if you pay cash
($40,000)
The annual payments if you take out a loan
from the dealer (no money down and four
annual payments of $15,000).

3-170
Setting the present value of the cash flows
equal to zero requires that the present
value of the payments equals the purchase
price:

The solution for r is the interest rate
charged by the dealer, which you can
compare to the rate charged by your bank.

4
1 1
40, 000 15, 000 1
r (1 r)
| |
=
|
+
\ .
3-171
There is no simple way to solve for the
interest rate.
The only way to solve this equation is to
guess at values for r until you find the
right one.
An easier solution is to use a financial
calculator or a spreadsheet.
3-172
Given: 4 40,000 -15,000 0
Solve for: 18.45
Excel Formula: =RATE(NPER,PMT,PV,FV)=Rate(4,-25000,40000,0)
3-173
Example 4.9
Computing the Rate of Return with a
Financial Calculator
Problem:
Lets return to the lottery example (Example 4.4).
How high of a rate of return do you need to earn investing
on your own in order to prefer the $15 million payout?
3-174
Example 4.9
Solution:
Plan:
We need to solve for the rate of return that
makes the two offers equivalent.
Anything above that rate of return would make
the present value of the annuity lower than the
$15 million lump sum payment and
anything below that rate of return would make it
greater than the $15 million.
3-175
Example 4.9
Execute:

The rate equating the two options is 5.72%.

Given: 29
-
14,000,000
1,000,000 0
Solve for: 5.72
Excel Formula: =RATE(NPER, PMT, PV,FV) =
RATE(29,1000000,-14000000,0)
3-176
Example 4.9
Evaluate:
5.72% is the rate of return that makes giving up the $15
million payment and taking the 30 installments of $1
million exactly a zero NPV action.
If you could earn more than 5.72% investing on your own,
then you could take the $15 million, invest it and generate
thirty installments that are each more than $1 million.
If you could not earn at least 5.72% on your investments,
you would be unable to replicate the $1 million
installments on your own and would be better off taking the
installment plan.
3-177
Example 4.9a
Computing the Internal Rate of Return
with a Financial Calculator
Problem:
Lets return to the BMW example (Example 4.4a).
What rate of return would make you indifferent
between the car and the $10,000 per year payout
(even if the car is your favorite color and has HD
radio)?
3-178
Example 4.9a
Solution:
Plan:
We need to solve for the rate of return that
makes the two offers equivalent.
Anything above that rate of return would make
the present value of the annuity lower than the
$61,000 car and
anything below that rate of return would make it
greater than the $61,000.
3-179
Example 4.9a
Execute:

The rate equating the two options is 4.85%.

Given: 6 -51,000 10,000 0
Solve for: 4.85%
Excel Formula: =RATE(NPER, PMT, PV,FV) = RATE(6,10000,-61000,0)
3-180
Example 4.9a
Evaluate:
4.85% is the rate of return that makes giving up the
$61,000 car and taking the 7 installments of $10,000
exactly a zero NPV action.
If you can earn more than 4.85% investing on your own,
then you can take the $61,000, invest it and generate
seven installments that are each more than $10,000.
If you can not earn at least 4.85% on your investments,
you would be unable to replicate the $10,000 installments
on your own and would be better off taking the generous
payments your parents have offered.
3-181
Solving for the Number of Periods
In addition to solving for cash flows or the
interest rate, we can solve for the amount of
time it will take a sum of money to grow to a
known value.
In this case, the interest rate, present value,
and future value are all known.
We need to compute how long it will take for
the present value to grow to the future value.

3-182
Example 4.10
Solving for the Number of Periods in a
Savings Plan
Problem:
Lets return to saving for a down payment on a
house.
Imagine that some time has passed and you have
$10,050 saved already, and you can now afford
to save $5,000 per year at the end of each year.
Also, interest rates have increased so that you
now earn 7.25% per year on your savings.
How long will it take you to get to your goal of
$60,000?
3-183
Example 4.10
Savings Plan
Solution:
Plan:
The timeline for this problem is
3-184
Example 4.10
Savings Plan
Plan (contd):
We need to find N so that the future value of our current
savings plus the future value of our planned additional
savings (which is an annuity) equals our desired amount.
There are two contributors to the future value: the initial
lump sum $10,050 that will continue to earn interest, and
the annuity contributions of $5,000 per year that will earn
interest as they are contributed.
Thus, we need to find the future value of the lump sum plus
the future value of the annuity
3-185
Example 4.10
Savings Plan
Execute:

Given: 7.25 -10,050 -5,000 60,000
Solve for: 7
Excel Formula: =NPER(RATE,PMT, PV, FV) =
NPER(0.0725,-5000,-10050,60000)
3-186
Example 4.10
Savings Plan
Evaluate:
It will take seven years to save the down payment.

3-187
Example 4.10a
Savings Plan
Problem:
Lets return to Ellen and Adam.
Suppose Ellen decides she will continue working
until she has as much at retirement as her
brother, Adam, will have when he retires.
She will continue to contribute $10,000 each year
to her retirement account.
How much longer will she need to work to tie the
competition with her brother?
3-188
Example 4.10a
Savings Plan
Solution:
Plan:
The timeline for this problem is
3-189
Example 4.10a
Savings Plan
Plan (contd):
We need to find N so that the FV of the $1,645,000 shell
have at age 65 plus the $10,000 shell contribute each year
is equal to $3,850,000.
Remember, shes earning 10% on her investments.
3-190
Example 4.10a
Savings Plan
Execute:

Given: 10 -1645000 -10,000 3850000
Solve for: 8.57
Excel Formula: =NPER(RATE,PMT, PV, FV) =
NPER(0.10,-10000,-1645000,3850000)
3-191
Example 4.10a
Savings Plan
Evaluate:
Ellen will have to work until shes 73 years old.
(Heres hoping she really loves her job!)

3-192
Chapter Quiz
1. How do you calculate the present value of a cash flow
stream?
2. What is the intuition behind the fact that an infinite
stream of cash flows has a finite present value?
3. What are some examples of annuities?
4. What is the difference between an annuity and a
perpetuity?
5. What is an example of a growing perpetuity?
6. How do you calculate the cash flow of an annuity?
7. How do you calculate the rate of return on an investment?

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