CELL MEMBRANE

cytoplasm
Plasma membrane based on fluid mosaic
hypothesis
Membran Sel- Hipotesis Bendalir Mozek
O
2
, CO
2
Glukosa
ion
(Membentuk tapak penerima
dengan protein pembawa)
The lipid
molecules
are
moving to
make the
bilayer
fluid in
nature.
Cholesterol in the membrane
helps to make the lipid fluid
more viscous in the cell
membranel
Allows small,
nonpolar and fat
soluble molecules to
pass through it eg.
water, fatty acid, gas
The carrier
and channel
proteins help
to move
polar/
charged and
bigger
molecules
through the
membrane
eg. ions,
glukose,
amino acid
Explain the
fluid mosaic
hypothesis of
the cell
membrane.
polysaccharides Channel in
protein
molecule
Phospholipid
bilayer
Protein molecules scattered throughout and moving
in / outside the menbrane forming mosaic structure
External of the cell
Internal of the cell
cytoplasm
protein
cholesterol
Carbohydrate(sugar)
Channel protein
PERGERAKAN
BAHAN MERENTASI
MEMBRAN SEL
Passive transport
Simple diffusion
Facillitated diffusion
Active transport
osmosis
Movement of (solute) molecules from a
region of higher concentration to a region of
lower concentration (passively) untill it
reaches equilibrium (the presence of
membrane is not necessary)
Movement of water molecules
(solvent) from a region of higher
water potential/ lower osmotic
concentration to a region of lower
water potential/ higher osmotic
concentration through partially
permeable membrane (eg. cell
membrane, visking tubing ) until
equilibrium is reached.
Higher osmotic
concentration of solution
causes increase in
osmotic pressure
example- diffusion of
water into root hairs
It is a diffusion
of solvent
molecules
Water
molecule
Partially
permeable
membrane
Sugar
molecule
Cell in a sugar solution
Isotonic sugar solution has
the same osmotic
concentration to the osmotic
concentration in the cell sap
Hypotonic solution- its
osmotic concentration is lower
than the cell sap.
Hypertonic solution- its
osmotic concentration is
higher than the cell sap.
Movement of solute molecules / ions
from a region of lower concentration
to a region of higher concentration (
against the concentration gradient)
actively (using the energy from cell
metabolism) across cell membrane.
It requires a carrier protein in the cell
membrane. ATP molecules bind to the
carrier protein molecule, make it
possible to change shape and carries
solute molecules across the cell
membrane. Example- movement of
mineral ions into root hairs and
glucose molecules into ileum.
Passive diffusion ( needs no energy ) of
(polar) solute molecules / ions from higher
concentration of solutes region to lower
concentration across the cell membrane ,
facillitated by channel protein / carrier
protein.
Solute molecule binds itself to
receptor site in the membrane
and carried through the
channel of protein molecule
example- diffusion od oxygen/ CO2
across bilipid layer of cell membrane
Example- diffusion of glucose molecules into red
blood cell
DIFFUSION
DIFFUSION
A B C
A - A purple crystal is
placed at the bottom of test
tube containing water
B appearance of water
after 30 minutes
C- pink solution throughout
in the test tube
1. Explain the appearance of
solution in test tube B and
C
2. Define operationally the
process of diffusion based
on the observations in all
the test tubes.
3. Does diffusion need a
partially permeable
membrane?
4. Give one example of this
process in animal and
plant.

TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE
1. Describe the
structure of :
a. Alveolus
b. Blood capillary
2. Where can the
alveolus be found?
3. Why does the
diffusion of oxygen
and carbon dioxide
occur in the direction
as shown in the
Figure?
4. Explain the nature of
the alveolus wall?
5. Where does it occur
in plant?
6. How would the
diffusion process in
the Figure be slowed
down?
DIFFUSION OF OXYGEN GAS AND CARBON DIOXIDE
GAS IN ALVEOLUS
Blood
capillary

OSMOSIS
Note:
High water concentration = high water
potential (and low osmotic pressure /low
osmotic concentration )
Osmosis is the diffusion of water (
solvent) molecules down the water
potential gradient, through a
partially permeable membrane.
It stops when water molecules
reaches an equilibrium on both
sides of the membrane. At this stage
rate of water movement across the
membrane in both directions is
equal.
The partially permeable membrane
allows small particles like water
molecules only to pass through it.
Why cant solute molecules like
glucose or sucrose molecules pass
through the semi-permeable
membrane?
Give one example of omosis in
animal and plant.
Experiment On Osmosis
OSMOTIC CONCENTRATIONS
Phenomenon Of Osmosis
Picture A
Picture B
1. Why is osmosis important to plants and animals ?
2. Explain briefly the plant condition in Picture A and Picture B.
3. What factors can contribute to the plant condition in Picture B?
4. Why do some non-woody plants like banana tree wilt during dry and hot season?
5. Excessive manuring or fertilizing the land may result in the wilting of plants and
sometimes plants death. Explain.
OSMOSIS
The number of water
molecules go in and out
is about equal.
Net movement of water
molecules out of the cell
Net movement of water
molecules into the cell
Surrounding sugar concentration:
(a) Isotonic
(b) hypertonic
(c) hypotonic
What would finally happen to cell
in (c)?
sugar
solution
erythrocyte
TURGIDITY OF CELL
Cell a The plant cell is 1.
The cell is placed in the 2..
Solution. Water molecules diffuse into the cell by
3.
A cell in this condition is characterised by :
4..
5..
6.
Cell b- a plant cell in a 7condition
The cell is placed in a 8
solution. Water molecules diffuse 9..
by 10 ..
A cell in this condition is characterised by :
11.
12.
13.
Turgidity of plant cell is very important because :
14
ACTIVE TRANSPORT VS FACILITATED DIFFUSION
What are the
differences
between the
transport of
materials in both
figures?
Give examples of
substances
pasing through
cell membrane by:
a)Facillitated
diffusion
b)Active transport
State the
characteristics of
the molecules that
diffuse by both of
the processes
above
Give examples
where both
processes above
can be found in
human body.
glucose
Carrier protein
Exterior of cell
Interior of cell
Lipid bilayer
Model of facillitated difusion
of glucose molecules
Carrier protein
Lipid bilayer
Active transport of sodium ions
exterior
interior
Sodium ions
bind to a
receptor side of
carrier protein
Energy
from ATP
causes
protein to
change
shape
Ions is carried
to the other
side of the
membrane by
carrier protein
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
FACILLITATED DIFFUSION
The Figure shows a facillitated
diffusion process by which a
glucose molecule is transported
acros the cell membrane.
The sequences of the process are :
1...
2...
3 dan 4
.
5...
1
2
3
4
5
The characteristics of a
facillitated difffusion are :
1. The (solute) molecules that are
transported are .
and
2. The molecules move from a
region of (a) to a
region of (b).
down the (c)
3. The molecules move across
the cell membrane with the
aids of (d).. or
( e) .. .
4. It is a (f) .. And
requires no energy.
ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
1. Describe the stages of active
transport process based on the
diagram:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E
2. In active transport, a carrier
protein requires . In the
form of .. to ions /
solute molecules across the cell
membrane.
3. The direction of the process is
.the concentration
gradient of the ..
4. In animals it takes place in
( give two
examples)
5. In plants it takes place in
(two examples)
6. The ATP molecule binds to the
carrier protein to form..
and .
A
B
C
D
E
Direction of solute
molecules / ions
REFLECTION
a) Name the structures
in Figure 1, 2 and 3.
b) Name the parts
labelled A, B, C, P, Q, R
and S
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
c) Explain the movement
of the following
substances in Figure
1:
i) oksygen molecule
ii) chloride ions
iii)glucose molecules
d) Describe
the function
of the
organelles in
Figure 2 and
3
REFLECTION
1. Name the organelles R,S and T.
2. State the function of each organelle.
3. Where are the organelles R, S and T most abundantly
found in human being? Explain.

4. Name the fluid X, membrane D, membrane L,
structure Y and Z

5. What would happen to the cell if the organelles R and
S are absent?
Organelle R
Organelle S
Structure Z
Organelle T
Structure Z
membrane D
Organelle S
Membrane L
OSMOSIS
Membran
separa telap
Molekul air
Molekul gula
Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu
proses fizik yang berlaku
melalui membran sel atau
membran separa telap.

1) Namakan proses fizik
tersebut
2) Tunjukkan dengan lukisan
anak panah pergerakan
molekul-molekul melalui
membran separa telap.
Bilakah kadar pergerakan
bersih molekul-molekul
tersebut mencapai
keseimbangan?
3. Bolehkan molekul gula melalui membran separa telap? Mengapa?
4. Beri satu contoh dimana proses fizik dalam Rajah 1 berlaku dalam
a) tumbuhan
b) haiwan atau manusia
5. Lukis rajah menunjukkan situasi akhir bagi larutan A dan larutan B pada Rajah 1.
Larutan A Larutan B