1

Network Planning and

Optimization

NanoCell Technologies

www.nanocellindia.com

Day-2
2
M4: Overview of Critical BSS
Parameters: Handover, Power Control
3
Handover Control:
Handover types
Synchronized Handover Signaling
Non Synchronized Handover Signaling
Handover Failure Signaling
Multi Layer Network Types
Handover Strategy (Handover Reasons)
Examples of Handover Reasons
Handover Strategy Triggering
Handover Process Handover Priority
Basic Handover Timers
Handover Control Thresholds & Actions
Power Control:
Power Control Motivation
Output Power Limits
Power Change Step Sizes
Measurement Averaging
Triggering
Scenarios
Thresholds & Actions: Uplink & Downlink
Handover & power control threshold & Actions uplink & downlink
Topics Covered
4
Subscriber call quality depends upon various factors
Proximity to serving cell
RF channel characteristics
This continuously changes due to mobility of MS
The quality of the voice call is determined by two factors
RXQUAL (receive signal quality or BERs)
RXLEV (received signal strength from serving cell) and
Of these two, the former is more important
For mobiles in traffic state (dedicated state using either TCH or
SDCCH), Handover Control and Power Control are used to
make sure that the above two parameters are within limit
Call Quality
5
Handover is a process of changing channel (SDCCH or
TCH) during call to maintain continuity
Handover is done to
Improve the call quality
When receive quality or receive level is bad
Overcome interference
Overcome propagation anomalies
Good signal reception deep into adjacent cell area
Balance the load between BTS move MS to less
congested BTS
Reduce the power budget
Primary reason for handover is mobility
What is Handover?
6
Maintain continuity of call
Maintain a good quality on the air interface
Minimize the number of connections dropped
Maximize the amount of time the mobile station is in the
desired cell
Minimize the total number of handovers for a call
Reduce the power usage of the MS
Improve call success rate
Handover Objectives
7
Handover types on basis of serving & target BTSs
Internal Intra-Cell Handover (BSC controlled)
Internal Inter-Cell Handover (BSC controlled)
External Inter-Cell Handover (MSC controlled)
Handover types on the basis of channel change
SDCCH to SDCCH
SDCCH to TCH (directed retry)
TCH to TCH
Types Of Handover
8
PSTN
MSC MSC
BSC
BSC
BSC
BSC MSC Link
Different Handover Scenarios
9
Intra cell handover is performed when RX_QUAL is very bad and
RX_LEVEL is very good
The MS is very close to BTS, however there could be severe
interference from another BTS in the TCH (this is applicable
only when frequency hopping is not used, applicable for
BCCH carrier TS in case of RF Hopping)
Intra Cell Handover
10
Handover takes place in the same cell from one timeslot to
another timeslot of the same carrier or different carriers( but the
same cell)
Intra-cell handover is triggered only if the cause is interference.
Intra-cell handover can be enabled or disabled in a cell
BSC
BTS
Call is handed
from timeslot 3 to timeslot 5
Intra Cell Handover
MS
11
Handover takes place between different cells which are controlled by the
same BSC
BSC1
BTS1
Call is handed from timeslot 3
of cell1 to timeslot 1 of cell2 .
Both the cells are controlled
by the same BSC.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Intra BSC Handover
MS
12
Handover takes place between different cells which are controlled by the
different BSC
BSS1
BTS1
Call is handed from timeslot 3
of cell1 to timeslot 1 of cell2 .
Both the cells are controlled
by the different BSC.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
BSS2
MSC
BTS2
Intra MSC Handover
MS
13
BSS1
BTS1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
BSS2
MSC1
BTS2
MSC2
Inter MSC Handover
Call is handed from timeslot 3 of cell1 to
timeslot 1 of cell2 .
Both the cells are controlled by the different
BSC, each BSC
being controlled by different MSC
Handover takes place between different cell which are controlled by the different
BSC and each BSC is controlled by different MSC.
MS
14
Synchronous Handover
0 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Neighbour Cell Frame
1 7
Serving Cell Frame
Serving cell TA
distance
Intra cell site handover
Synchronous
Frames are synchronised
TA distances are the same
MS can directly access new
TCH
Handover is smooth
15
Asynchronous Handover
0 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Neighbour Cell Frame
1 7
Serving Cell Frame
Serving cell TA
distance
Target cell TA
distance
Inter cell site handover
Asynchronous
Frames are not synchronised
TA distances are not same
MS has to send access burst
through new TCH & obtain TA
from BTS
Handover is jerky
6 7
16
17
Received signal quality on the downlink or uplink becomes too
low
Received signal level (or signal strength) on the downlink or
uplink becomes too low
Distance (or propagation delay) between the mobile station
and the BTS becomes too great
The power budget is better in a neighboring cell

Triggers For Handover
18
Measurements done by MS & BTS are analysed at BSC
BSC will decide whether a handover is needed
The target BTS is to be decided in case handover is needed
For intra BSC handover BSC will decide about this
For inter BSC handover MSC will decide about this on the
basis of rankings provided by serving BSC
The target BSC will allocate channel and this is conveyed to MS
through Handover Command
MS will access this new channel by break and make
Handover Decision
19
Handover Process
U
m
MS
BTS
BSC
BSS Parameters
Calculate
Averaged
Parameters
Decide
Handover
MS Measurements
BTS Measurements
Averaged
Parameters
A
bis
BCCH
Carrier
BCCH
Carrier
Neighbour
Cell
BCCH Carrier
Neighbour
Cells
20
MS MSC
Handover Command
Handover Command
+ new BSIC, TCH
Trunk Assignment on A I/F +
Handover Request (BSIC, encr. Key)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Periodic Measurement Report
Handover Access (on new TCH)
Physical Information
Handover Request
with ranking of target BTSs
Handover Detected
Handover Request Acknowledge
new TCH ID
Handover Completed (after timing advance, power control)
Release
Release Complete
Handover Completed
Serving
BSC
Target
BSC
Successful Handover
21
Handover can fail due to the following reasons
Changes in channel conditions
Improper handover channel allocation due to data base
errors
Malfunctioning of critical subsystems
Other miscellaneous problems
Handover failure is handled by holding the existing path till
successful handover occurs
Retrieving the existing channel is done in case of failure
Handover Failure
22
MS MSC
Handover Command
Handover Command
+ new BSIC, TCH
Trunk Assignment on A I/F +
Handover Request (BSIC, encr. Key)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Periodic Measurement Report
Handover Access (on new TCH)
Handover Access (Repeat)
Handover Request
with ranking of target BTSs
Handover Request Acknowledge
new TCH ID
Serving
BSC
Target
BSC
Handover Unsuccessful
Handover Failure
23
Cells belonging to Micro Cell
Layer
Cells belonging to Macro
Cell Layer
Lateral Handover
Vertical
Handover
Layered Cells
24
Handover Decision -Example
AV_RXQUAL_XL_HO > L_RXQUAL_XL_H
AND
AV_RXLEV_XL_HO > RXLEV_XL_IH)
AV_RXQUAL_XL_HO > L_RXQUAL_XL_H
AV_RXLEV_XL_HO < L_RXLEV_XL_H
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
Intra-Cell
Handover
Inter-Cell
Handover
No Handover
25
Definition Of Terms
Name Of Term Definition
AV_RXQUAL_XL_HO Average value of received quality
uplink/downlink for handover
AV_RXLEV_XL_HO Average value of received level
uplink/downlink for handover
L_RXQUAL_XL_H Lower threshold for received quality
uplink/downlink for handover
L_RXLEV_XL_H Lower threshold for received level
uplink/downlink for handover
RXLEV_XL_IH Threshold level for received level
uplink/downlink for intra cell handover
26
Rx_Qual
Interference
Rx_Lev
MS Distance
Less Frequent
Power Budget
Optimizing Handover
Handover Priority
27
Traffic Channel (TCH/F) transmission occurs in a
particular time slot of every traffic frame except in
frame numbers 12 and 25 of traffic multiframe
Speech codec generates 13 kbps data (260 bits
every 20 msec) and with FEC this gets enhanced
to 456 bits
24 bursts every 120 msec with 114 bits per
burst gives a pay load of 24 x 114 = 2736 bits
which equals the data rate of codec (456 x 6)
Traffic
Frame
Number
0
. . . . . .
12 13
Signaling
idle
25 1
Traffic Multi Frame Format
28
Slot 0 of beacon is transmitted continuously by BTS
Dummy bursts are transmitted in unused frames
0 1 2
Broadcast +
Paging +
Access Grant
9 10 11 40 41 50
F S F
S
F S
Idle
In slot 0 of specific beacon carriers (frequencies
stored in SIM) with 51-multiframe format
MS can tune to control slot during idle slot even
when TCH is present
Control Multi Frame Format
29
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2
Frame 24 Frame 25 Idle Frame Frame 0
Frame 24 Frame 25 Idle Frame Frame 0
1 2 3 1 2 1 2
1. MS receives and measures signal strength on serving cell (TS2)
2. MS transmits
3. MS measures signal strength for at least one neighbor cell.
4. MS reads BSIC on SCH for one of the 6 strongest neighbor.
4
Downlink
Uplink
Rx Measurement By MS
30
T
15
T
5
T
9
T
10
T
11
S
12
T
13
T
14
T
6
T
7
T
8
T
0
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
16
T
17
T
18
T
19
T
20
T
21
T
22
T
23
T
24
I
25
T
15
T
5
T
9
T
10
T
11
S
12
T
13
T
14
T
6
T
7
T
8
T
0
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
16
T
17
T
18
T
19
T
20
T
21
T
22
T
23
T
24
I
25
T
15
T
5
T
9
T
10
T
11
S
12
T
13
T
14
T
6
T
7
T
8
T
0
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
16
T
17
T
18
T
19
T
20
T
21
T
22
T
23
T
24
I
25
T
15
T
5
T
9
T
10
T
11
S
12
T
13
T
14
T
6
T
7
T
8
T
0
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
16
T
17
T
18
T
19
T
20
T
21
T
22
T
23
T
24
I
25
Rx Measurement Window
Measurement reports sent on SACCH (4 traffic multiframes)
1 report every 480 msec
There are 104 GSM frames
1 traffic multiframe = 26
GSM frames = 120 msec
31
RXLEV 0 < -110 dBm
RXLEV 1 -110 dBm to -109 dBm
RXLEV 2 -109 dBm to -108 dBm
...
RXLEV 10 -101 dBm to -100 dBm

RXLEV 62 -49 dBm to -48 dBm
RXLEV 63 > -48 dBm
RX Level Mapping
32
Bit Error Rate (BER) %
BER range Approx Value
RXQUAL_0 <0.2 0.14
RXQUAL_1 0.2 - 0.4 0.28
RXQUAL_2 0.4 - 0.8 0.56
RXQUAL_3 0.8 - 1.6 1.13
RXQUAL_4 1.6 3.2 2.26
RXQUAL_5 3.2 - 6.4 4.53
RXQUAL_6 6.4 - 12.8 9.05
RXQUAL_7 >12.8 18.1
RX Quality Mapping
33
Rx Measurement Report
Perform Rx
Level
Measurement
on Neighbours
Average the
measurements
Perform Rx
Level on
serving BTS &
also calculate
RX_QUAL
Identify BSICs
of neighbours
Apply filter to
the values
Identify the
best 6
neighbours
Format
measurement
report & send
on SACCH
34
Propagation Delay
MS
BTS
BTS-MS separated
by d kms.
BTS starts
transmission at t=0
t=0
MS receives this
after a delay of t
p
sec
MS starts
transmission
It takes d/c = t
p
sec for signal to
propagate from BTS to MS (and MS to
BTS), where c 3 x 10
5
km / sec
t
p
BTS receives this after
further delay of t
p
sec
2t
p
BTS can measure the round trip
delay 2t
p
as timing advance to MS

35
RACH Structure & Access
TS7
Uplink Time
slots at BTS
Guard time of
8.25 bit duration
Time slots for
transmission by MSs
Downlink Time
slots at BTS
TS2 TS3 TS4
TS0 TS1
TS2 TS3 TS4
Downlink Time
slots at MS
t
p
Guard time of 8.25 bit duration
RACH Burst
RACH Burst
RACH slot
RACH burst at MS
RACH burst
received at BTS
t
p
2t
p
60 additional
Guard bit
36
MS-BTS
Distance (km)
Timing
Advance (TA)
MS-BTS
Distance (km)
Timing
Advance (TA)
<0.55 0 2.75-3.30 5
0.55-1.10 1 3.30-3.85 6
1.10-1.65 2
1.65.2.20 3
2.20-2.75 4 35.00 63
TA Values Vs Distance
Distance of 0.55 km will result in round trip delay of 2t
p
=
1.100/c = 3.692 sec = 1 bit duration of GSM air interface
37
Handover Due To Excessive TA
Handover due to excess timing advance is used when the
averaged values of timing advance exceeds MS_DIST_MAX
MS has moved into territory of another BTS, but it has good
channel condition with existing BTS
Could be either due to anomalous propagation or excess
power from existing BTS
38
MS-BTS
Distance (km)
Timing
Advance (TA)
MS-BTS
Distance (km)
Timing
Advance (TA)
<0.55 0 2.75-3.30 5
0.55-1.10 1 3.30-3.85 6
1.10-1.65 2
1.65.2.20 3
2.20-2.75 4 35.00 63
TA Values Vs Distance
39
Handover Due To Power Budget
40
When a handover is found necessary, target cell is selected keeping
the following points
A fast moving mobile is always connected to a cell belonging to
upper layer
Otherwise many handovers may be required
Possibility of call loss due to handover failure
A slow moving mobile is always connected to a cell belonging to
lower layer
More capacity is available at lower layer cells
The decision about fast moving / slow moving mobile is based upon
history of measurement reports of strong neighbour cells by MS
Handover Duration Of Stay
41
0
0
7
63
+ + +
+
+
_
_
_
Optimum
U_RXLEV
_XL_P
L_RXLEV
_XL_P
U_RXQUAL
_XL_P
L_RXQUAL
_XL_P
Handover + Power Control
Signal Level
(AV_RXLEV_XL_HO)
S
i
g
n
a
l

Q
u
a
l
i
t
y

(
A
V
_
R
X
Q
U
A
L
_
X
L
_
H
O
)

:Decrease transmit power
+ :Increase transmit power
_
Intra-Cell
Handover
Inter-Cell Handover
I
n
t
e
r
-
C
e
l
l

H
a
n
d
o
v
e
r

RXLEV_XL_IH
L_RXLEV
_XL_H
L_RXQUAL
_XL_H
42
Power transmitted by MS & BTS varied to adapt to link
condition just to transmit sufficient power to optimise
Rx level, Rx quality
Power control at MS is mandatory
Decreases interference in other BTS areas in uplink
Overcomes near-far problem
Conserves the battery power of MS
Power control at BTS is optional
Decreases interference in other BTS areas in downlink
Overall interference reduction improves quality
What Is Power Control?
43
Power control is done on the basis of measurements
Done by MS on downlink channel
RX LEV receive level of serving cell
Rx levels of 6 best neighbours
RX QUAL receive quality of serving cell
Done by BTS on uplink channel
RX LEV receive level of MS
RX QUAL
TA of MS (estimate of BTS-MS distance)
Power control decision is made at BSC
Basis For Power Control
44
Power Control Process
Decide
Power
Control
Um
MS
BTS
BSC
BSS Parameters
Calculate
Averaged
Parameters
MS Measurements
BTS Measurements
Averaged
Parameters
Power control
Decision
45
Power control is possible in 2 dB, 4dB or 6 dB (for increase
only) steps
MS can execute a 2 dB change in 60 ms, 4 dB change in 120
ms and 6 dB change in 180 ms
POW_INC_STEP_SIZE (2 dB, 4 dB, 6dB) is used to increase
the power (in response to RXQUAL)
POW_RED_STEP_SIZE (2 dB or 4 dB) is used to decrease
the power
The minimum interval between power change commands is
set by P_CON_INTERVAL (range 0-30 s in 0.96 s increments)
Power Control Details
46
0
0
7
63
+
+ +
+
+
_
_
_
Optimum
U_RXLEV
_XL_P
L_RXLEV
_XL_P
U_RXQUAL_XL_P
L_RXQUAL_XL_P
Power Control Equation
Signal Level
(AV_RXLEV_XL_PC)
Signal Quality
(AV_RXQUAL_XL_PC)
:Transmit power increased
+ :Transmit power increased
_
47
Definition Of Terms Used
Name Of Term Definition
AV_RXQUAL_XL_PC Average value of received quality
uplink/downlink for handover
AV_RXLEV_XL_PC Average value of received level
uplink/downlink for handover
U_RXQUAL_XL_P Upper threshold for received quality
uplink/downlink for power control
L_RXQUAL_XL_P Lower threshold for received quality
uplink/downlink for power control
U_RXLEV_XL_P Upper threshold for received level
uplink/downlink for power control
L_RXLEV_XL_P Lower threshold for received level
uplink/downlink for power control
48
M5: Performance Monitoring: OMC
Report Analysis (ND Reports)
49
Handover Types
Network doctor reports hierarchy (FM, CM-consistency, CM-
Parameter defaults, PM)
Maintenance Region Concept
BSS Measurement Check-Up
BSC S/w and BCF S/w / h/w
Frequencies
Location Areas
Adjacencies across location areas
Location updates
Adjacencies
Availability reports
Drop Call Counting Points
Downtime Reports
Paging
Other KPIs
Topics Covered
50
Intra BTS Handover (Inter Cell Handover)

Inter BTS Intra BSC Handover

Inter BSC Intra MSC Handover

Inter MSC Handover
Handover Types
51
Fault, Security, Configuration, Availability and Performance
Management is done from OMC-R
Usually termed as FSCAP Management
Network Doctor(ND) Reports provide information for FSCAP
Management
The ND reports are generated on daily basis to monitor the
performance and health of the network
The reports generated are mainly segregated into
Fault Monitoring
Configuration Monitoring Configurable Parameters
Configuration Monitoring Default Parameters
Performance Monitoring
ND Reports
52


ND Reports- Examples
SL No Report Report Name Description Significance
1 051
BTS HAVING GPRS
ENABLED TRX
Provides a list of GPRS BTSs and their
parameter settings
TS allocation f or f or voice
traf f ic and data traf f ic in a
carrier
2 060
ADJACENCY
DISCREPANCIES
Lists the discrepancies of various parameters
between the source cell adjacency parameters
and target cell parameters
HO Failure Analysis due to
neighbor descripencies
3 061
NON-SYMMETRICAL
ADJACENCIES
This report shows all missing adjacencies
assuming that all adjacencies should be
symmetrical (bidirectional).
Missing Neighbor analysis
4 062
FREQUENCY CHECK OF
ADJACENT CELLS
This report displays all adjacencies where a cell
and its adjacent cell have the same f requency
(f ) or adjacent (f -1 or f +1) f requency
Interf erence Analysis
4 067
HANDOVER
SYNCHRONISATION
This report lists all adjacencies that are in the
same BS site but are not synchronous and the
that are not in the same BS site but are
synchronous
Handover f ailure analysis
5 069
ADJACENT CELL DOUBLE
FREQUENCIES
Lists all cells having adjacent cells with the same
f requency
Interf erence study (Co-
Channel interf erence)
8 074 ADJACENCIES OF CELLS
Cells having same parameters causing
adjacency
HO Failure Analysis due to
neighbor descripencies
9 076
ADJACENT CELLS WITH
THE SAME NCC,BCC AND
FREQUENCY
This report shows pairs of cells that are
adjacent cells of the same source cell and have
the same NCC, BCC and BCCH f requency
HO Failure Analysis
10 111 FREQUENCY PLAN
This report shows f requency plan related
inf ormation about a BTS
Understand BCCH f requency
of cell-site f or ef f ective
Neighbor cell analysis
53


ND Reports
Reports are monitored daily by RF Team for network
performance monitoring
O&M Team also monitors some reports to understand the
availability of the network and to get downtime / fault
reports
Network Doctor Reports can be segregated into
Configuration Reports
Fault Reports
Performance Reports
Downtime/Availability Reports
Radio link quality Reports
Reports that generate Configuration details
Helps for analysis
Cell Site vise details (Eg: report067)
Cluster wise details (Eg: Frequency plan)
54


ND Reports
Reports that generate end results of Configuration
TCH dropped calls (Eg report163)
Congestion Reports (Eg report130)

Reports that generate actual RF environment faced by
customers
UL/DL link imbalance report (Eg: report208)
Timing Advance (Eg: report232)

Reports that generate resource Availability/Downtime
TRX Availability in a Cell
BTS Availability reports
55
Usually Telecom industry in India has 4 regions
South Region (4 Circles)
East Region
North Region
West Region
Each Circle (State) has many regions
For easy maintenance purpose
For allocation of work and team formation
For easy monitoring
The main city (capital city) is divided into regions or clusters
South Region, West Region etc
Cluster A (One BSC Area), Cluster B etc
The Rest of the cities are also grouped and considered
separately depending on the area, number of sites
Maintenance Region Concept
56
To enable the report generation, there is an option which will
start the process in BSC
One can disable the BSS measurement report by disabling the
option
Usually, operator can enable/disable this based on the
requirement of these reports e.g. change in frequency plan
For peak hour monitoring, usually the BSS measurement
reports are enabled and monitored
dbschema is run on these reports to study for the frequency
plan
Keeping it always in enable state is not suggested

BSS Measurement
57
Frequencies
A new operator is allotted 4.2Mhz band (21 Frequencies) in
1800 MHz band
Frequency re-use is must in the network
A cluster is formed in which the cell sites use different
frequencies
Same cluster is repeated in order to re-use the frequency
Typical cluster sizes are 4/12, 7/21
When re-using frequency, co-channel and adjacent-channel
interferences are considered
If hopping is allowed, then the frequency planning changes
depending on the hopping list and type of hopping
Adjacency planning and Optimization is critical

58
Adjacencies
Adjacencies is referred to neighbors of a cell
Deliverable of network planning
Handling adjacencies is continuous and major part of
optimization
Reconfiguring adjacencies during expansion phase
Handover performance depends on adjacency definitions
CI, LAC, frequency, BSIC-NCC and BSIC-BCC are used for
adjacency definition
Adjacency planning and Adjacency management is done by
RF engineer
Human errors can occur while handling adjacencies using
MML commands
59
Adjacencies
Daily reports are monitored and analysed for continuous fine
tuning of adjacencies
Accurate adjacency definitions improve KPI and QoS service
Complexity increases as the network expands
Adjacency indicates relationship between cells
Deleting unnecessary relations and adding missing cells are
part of adjacency optimization
Statistics and geographical aspects are the two main
elements for driving adjacency optimization
Any change in LA, CI, BCCH Frequency, BSIC-NCC and
BSIC-BCC, requires update in adjacency definition
Audit of adjacency definitions have to be done at regular
intervals

60
Location Area
The circle is divided into many location areas for effective
tracking of idle mobiles
To reduce paging load
Better utilization of resources
Location Area is identified by Location Area Code (LAC)
Typically, one BSC area has one Location Area (LA)
Multiple LAC can be part of BSC, but complexity increases
and paging success rate may be effected
ALL the BTSs under one BSC belong to that LAC
The LAC is transmitted on the BCCH to the mobile
61
Location Updates
It is important to know the location area of the MS to send the
incoming call alert
MS updates the network about its location area periodically
and at different scenarios This is called location update
There are mainly 3 types
Normal location update
When there is change in LAC
IMSI Attach/Detach
When the mobile is switched off/ON
Periodic Location Update
At regular intervals under one LA

62
Adjacencies across LA
Adjacency definition is more critical when two cells who are in
relationship belong to different LAs
Ineffective adjacency definition can increase the signaling load
in the network
While defining the adjacency, special attention has to be given
for LA parameter
Paging success rate may get affected, if not handled properly
Call success rate and call drop rate can be more in the border
region


63
Availability reports gives a picture of
How many carriers are active
The utilization of various channels such as RACH,
AGCH, SDCCH, TCH
TRX/BTS availability
The availability reports are generated everyday and
analyzed to monitor the network availability to customer
These reports provide overall capacity utilization of network
radio resources
These reports are the inputs to Network planning team for
optimization and expansion purpose
These reports are generated at OMC-R and shared with RF
team
Availability Reports
64
Dropped Calls are because of
Poor Signal strength
Missing Neighbors
Interference in the network
Improper BSS parameter settings
Congestion
Dropped Call rate is measured by the ratio of abnormal
disconnection to successful call attempts
This is an important measurement of network key
performance indicator
Dropped Calls
65
Downtime of Cell site, Carrier and the sectors can be
monitored in the report
These reports will have details about
Carrier Failures
TRX faulty
Combiner faulty
Sector Failures
RF Cable issues
Connector issue
BTS Site down details
Power Failure
Abis link Failure
This report is critical for understanding the availability of the
network
Downtime Reports
66
Paging is for informing the mobile in downlink about
incoming call/sms
Paging channels are used in the downlink for paging
When there is incoming call or sms,
mobiles location is identified from the VLR
MSC will send the page to respective BSCs which are
part of that LA
All the BTSs under that BSCs will be paged
Once the paging response reaches BSC from the MS,
BSC informs other BTSs to stop paging
Paging success rate leads to call success rate
Paging Success Rate depends on number of paging
channels in the downlink
Paging
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Paging Channel
Paging is sent on the PCH and it occupies 4 bursts.
MS has to monitor the paging channel to receive paging
messages.
MS does not monitor all paging channel but only specific paging
channels.
There are three types of paging messages
Paging
Type
No of MS
using IMSI
No of MS
using TMSI
Total no of
MS
1 2 - 2
2 1 2 3
3 - 4 4
68
M6: Other KPIs
69
Quality Of Service - KPI
CALL SET-UP RATE
CALL DROP RATE
HANDOVER SUCCESS
RATE
INTERFERENCE
MARGIN
BLOCKED CALL
QUALITY OF CALL UPLINK INTERFERENCE
95 TO 100 % CALL
< 6 SEC WITHOUT
CONGESTION
< 2 %
> 95 %
CO-CHANNEL 9 dB
& ADJACENT
CHANNEL -9dB
2% GRADE OF
SERVICE
97% OF CALL WITH IN QUALITY BAND-5
< 3% IN BAND- 0 ( -110 TO -105 dBm).
QoS
70
SDCCH Blocking
SDCCH Blocking
SDCCH is used for authentication, call set-up, SMS and
location update
SDCCH channel availability depends on the signaling
timeslot configuration
The SDCCH channel utilization depends on the
subscriber density and the consumer behaviour in a
particular cell
The congestion in SDCCH channel will lead to call set-
up failures
Daily reports are monitored to analyse the utilization and
channel re-dimensioning is done if found congested
SDCCH Blocking may happen during busy hour
71
SDCCH Drop
SDCCH Drop
Happens due to poor Radio link quality
SDCCH to SDCCH Handover failure
Unavailability of traffic channel
Invalid users Authentication failure
SDCCH drop leads to reduced call success rate
By knowing Successful SDCCH completion and
successful SDCCH allocation, we can find the drop
rate
72
TCH Block and Drop
TCH Blocking
TCH block denotes the congestion in the network
Unavailability of traffic time slot
Unsuccessful traffic channel assignment indicates TCH
blocking
Addition of more carriers, changing from full rate to half
rate are some remedies to overcome TCH blocking
Improper release of TCH channel can also lead to TCH
blocking
TCH blocking leads to call set-up failure or Handover failure
73
TCH Drop (Dropped Calls)
Dropped Calls are because of
Poor Signal strength
Missing Neighbors
Interference in the network
Improper BSS parameter settings
Congestion
Dropped Call rate is measured by the ratio of abnormal
disconnection to successful call attempts
This is an important measurement of network key
performance indicator
74
TASR
Traffic Channel Allocation Success Rate
Reflects the traffic congestion
Is applicable for the calls which have successfully
completed authentication
Ratio of number of successful allocation of TCH for (MO
+ MT) calls to successful completion of SDCCH
Half Rate traffic can be implemented to improve TASR if
the network is congested
TASR is influenced by the performance of SDCCH
channel
75
HOSR
Handover Success Rate is calculated using the ratio of
Successful Handover Commands to Handover Completed
messages
Adjacency definition is very important
Mobility and Call success rates are directly impacted by
HOSR
Congestion in the network can have negative impact on
HOSR
Sudden change in RF environment at target cell can reduce
the HOSR

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Accessibility
RACH Success Rate
SDCCH Blocking
SDCCH Drop Rate
SDCCH Completion Rate
TCH Blocking
TCH Assignment Success Rate
Retainability
TCH Drop Rate
Handover Failure Rate
Quality
DL Rx Quality (0-5)
UL Rx Quality (0-5)

Recap
77
Averaging
78
BTS Power Control
79
RxLEV
80
RxQUAL
(AV_QUAL_PC = 5) and the weighting factor is set to 2
(W_QUAL_PC = 2).
81
RxQUAL
82
Averaging