THE EFFECTS OF

ENVIRONMENT
PRESENTED BY,
VIJAYAN.M.G
RAJEEV KUMAR BARNWAL
IV th YEAR MECHANICAL,
VMKV ENGG. COLLEGE,
 PRINCIPLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTROL
Nature has provided two almost inexhaustible
sumps for maintaining a steady state
environment on earth. The first of these is the
2.7 K background temperature of absolute
space, which nature uses for heat rejection to
close its heat balances.
The second is the oceans, which serve to
close the material balances of its cyclic
processes by accepting the combined runoffs
of the continents.
 AN OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGY

Ecology is the study of the biosphere, a

hypothetical system comprising the surface
of the earth and all the subsystems
necessary to maintain a steady-state life-
support system.
The thermal cycle is open, isenthalpic, and
irreversible.
Solar energy is utilized, becomes degraded,
and is finally rejected into outer space by
means of long-wave radiation through the
optical window of the earth’s atmosphere.
 MAJOR QUASI CYCLIC
PROCESSES
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE,
CARBON CYCLE,
NITROGEN CYCLE,
POTASSIUM CYCLE,
PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE,&
SULFUR CYCLE.
These are almost closed cycles, which are
occasionally interrupted and renewed by
tech tonic geological upheavals.
 THERMAL DISCHARGES

FIRST ASPECT

The total solar flux reaching the earth is

182 trillion kW; 32.4 trillion kW is utilized
in the hydrological cycle, whereby
freshwater distilled from the oceans is
utilized on the continents by the plant and
animal kingdoms and finally drains back
into the ocean to complete the cycle.
 SECOND ASPECT

The second largest thermal discharge

is from industry. Because of keen
marketplace competition, thermal
processes have been selected to provide
the most favorable cost/benefit ratio for
the consumer.
 THIRD ASPECT

Transportation is the third largest

contributor to the “heat island” effect and the
one with the worst side effects. Thermal
discharge to city streets could be reduced to
one-third its present value and petroleum
stocks conserved if all-electric transportation
could be substituted economically for the
internal combustion engine.
PRINCIPLES OF AIR
POLLUTANTS
 POLLUTION
How long does it take?
Various articles in the household garbage take vastly different times to bio-degrade.
 Banana peel - 3-4 weeks.
 Paper bag - 1 month.
 Plastic bag - 1 million years.
 Cotton rag - 5 months.
 Wool sock - 1 year.
 Aluminum can - 200-500 years.
 Leather shoe - 40-50 years.
 Styrofoam cup - For ever
 Tin can - 50-100 years
 Wood - 10-15 years
 Glass bottle - Unknown
Ambient Air Quality Standards
 AIR STANDARD ACTS
 Clean Air Amendments, 1965 Authorized federal control of new
motor vehicle emissions. Extended federal control to cover
international Pollution originating.

 Clean Air Act of November 21, 1967 Under Public Law 90-148
the states are held responsible for establishing local air quality
standards consistent with federal criteria.

 Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 New plants and new

additions to old ones must have the best available pollution
control technology, and meet emission standards, including zero
levels for hazardous substances. A 90 percent reduction from
baseline in automotive emissions is required.

 Clean Air Act of 1990 its major requirements are to reduce SO2
emission by 50 percent and to set emission standards for a
number of chemicals.
 Low-Emission Automotive
Propulsion Systems
The automobile is a major source of air pollution and
a significant contributor to photochemical smog (caused
by the products of photoreactions in the atmosphere—
organic peroxides, peracids, hydroxy peracids,
peroxyacyl nitrate, and other Compounds). For every
1,000 gal of gasoline consumed by an automobile
engine, there are discharged the following air pollutants,
in pounds: carbon monoxide, 3,000; hydrocarbons, 200
to 400; nitrogen oxides, 50 to 150; aldehydes, 5;
sulphurcompounds, 5 to 10; organic acids, 2; ammonia,
2; solids, 0.3.
 Conventional Gasoline Engines

A major thrust aimed at the reduction of air pollution

from automotive exhausts resulted in enactment of
legislation to increase the fuel economy obtained by
passenger cars. Commonly known as the corporate
average fuel economy (CAFE) program, the
legislation sought to increase average fuel economy
from 18 mi/gal (1978) to 27.5 mi/gal (1985). Current
average fuel economy for passenger cars is slightly
above 28 mi/gal (1995).
CONCLUSION…...?
THANK YOU