INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

For Business, Economics, and the Life and Social Sciences

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 0
Review of Algebra
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
To be familiar with sets, real numbers, real-number line.
To relate properties of real numbers in terms of their
operations.
To review the procedure of rationalizing the
denominator.
To perform operations of algebraic expressions.
To state basic rules for factoring.
To rationalize the denominator of a fraction.
To solve linear equations.
To solve quadratic equations.
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
Chapter Objectives
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sets of Real Numbers
Some Properties of Real Numbers
Exponents and Radicals
Operations with Algebraic Expressions
Factoring
Fractions
Equations, in Particular Linear Equations
Quadratic Equations
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
Chapter Outline
0.1)
0.2)
0.3)
0.4)
0.5)
0.6)
0.7)
0.8)
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A set is a collection of objects.
An object in a set is called an element of that
set.
Different type of integers:


The real-number line is shown as
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.1 Sets of Real Numbers
{ } ... , 3 , 2 , 1 = integers positive of Set
{ } 1 , 2 , 3 ..., = integers negative of Set
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Important properties of real numbers
1. The Transitive Property of Equality

2. The Closure Properties of Addition and
Multiplication

3. The Commutative Properties of Addition
and Multiplication
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.2 Some Properties of Real Numbers
. then , and If c a c b b a = = =
. and
numbers real unique are there numbers, real all For
ab b a +
ba ab a b b a = + = + and
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4. The Commutative Properties of Addition
and Multiplication

5. The Identity Properties

6. The Inverse Properties

7. The Distributive Properties
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.2 Some Properties of Real Numbers
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )c ab bc a c b a c b a = + + = + + and
a a a a = = + 1 and 0
( ) 0 = + a a
1
1
=

a a
( ) ( ) ca ba a c b ac ab c b a + = + + = + and
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.2 Some Properties of Real Numbers
Example 1 Applying Properties of Real Numbers



Example 3 Applying Properties of Real
Numbers


( ) ( )
( ) ( )3 5 4 5 4 3 b.
2 3 2 3 a.
=
+ = + x w z y w z y x
Solution:
a. Show that
Solution:
. 0 for =
|
.
|

\
|
= c
c
b
a
c
ab
( )
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
= =
c
b
a
c
b a
c
ab
c
ab 1 1
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.2 Some Properties of Real Numbers
Example 3 Applying Properties of Real Numbers
b. Show that
Solution:
. 0 for
c
b
= + =
+
c
c
a
c
b a
( )
c
b
c
a
c
b a
c
b a 1 1 1
+ = + =
+
c
b
c
a
c
b a
c
b
c
a
c
b
c
a
+ =
+
+ = +

1 1
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Properties:
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.3 Exponents and Radicals
1 4.
1
3.
0 for
1 1
2.
1.
0


=
=
=

= =
=

x
x
x
x
x x x x x
x
x x x x x
n
n
factors n
n
n
factors n
n




n
x
exponent
base
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.3 Exponents and Radicals
Example 1 Exponents
x x

=
= = =
= =
= =
|
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|
=
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.
|

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|
.
|

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|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
1
0 0 0
5
5 -
5
5 -
4
e.
1 ) 5 ( , 1 , 1 2 d.
243 3
3
1
c.
243
1
3
1
3 b.
16
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
a.
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.3 Exponents and Radicals
The symbol is called a radical.
n is the index, x is the radicand, and is the
radical sign.
n
x
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.3 Exponents and Radicals
Example 3 Rationalizing Denominators
Solution:





Example 5 Exponents
( )
x
x
x
x
x
x x
3
3 2
3
3 2
3
2
3
2
3
2
b.
5
5 2
5
5 2
5 5
5 2
5
2
5
2
a.
6 5 5
6 5 6 6 5
1
6
1
6
5
6
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
= = =

=
=

= =
a. Eliminate negative exponents in and
simplify.
Solution:
1 1
+ y x
xy
x y
y x
y x
+
= + = +

1 1
1 1
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.3 Exponents and Radicals
Example 5 Exponents
b. Simplify by using the distributive law.
Solution:

c. Eliminate negative exponents in
Solution:


( ) 1
2 / 1 2 / 1 2 / 3
= x x x x
2 / 1 2 / 3
x x
( ) . 7 7
2
2

+ x x
( )
( )
2 2 2 2
2
2
49
1 7
7
1 7
7 7
x x
x
x
x x + = + = +

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.3 Exponents and Radicals
Example 5 Exponents
d. Eliminate negative exponents in
Solution:



e. Apply the distributive law to
Solution:


( ) .
2
1 1


y x
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
1 1

1 1
x y
y x
x y
xy
xy
x y
y x
y x

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

( ). 2
5
6
2
1
5
2
x y x +
( )
5
8
2
1
5
2
5
6
2
1
5
2
2 2 x y x x y x + = +
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.3 Exponents and Radicals
Example 7 Radicals
a. Simplify
Solution:


b. Simplify
Solution:

3
2
3
3
3
3
3 2
3
4 6
) ( y y x y y x y x = =
7
14
7 7
7 2
7
2
=

=
.
3
4 6
y x
.
7
2
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.3 Exponents and Radicals
Example 7 Radicals
c. Simplify
Solution:


d. If x is any real number, simplify
Solution:

Thus, and
2 10 10 5
2 15 2 5 10 5 2 15 50 250
+ =
+ = +
. 2 15 50 250 +
.
2
x

<
>
=
0 if
0 if
2
x x
x x
x
2 2
2
=
( ) . 3 3
2
=
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
If symbols are combined by any or all of the
operations, the resulting expression is called
an algebraic expression.
A polynomial in x is an algebraic expression
of the form:

where n = non-negative integer
c
n
= constants
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.4 Operations with Algebraic Expressions
0 1
1
1
c x c x c x c
n
n
n
n
+ + + +

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.4 Operations with Algebraic Expressions
Example 1 Algebraic Expressions
a. is an algebraic expression in the

variable x.
b. is an algebraic expression in the

variable y.
c. is an algebraic expression in the

variables x and y.
3
3
10
2 5 3
x
x x

( )
2
3
+
+
y
xy y x
2
7
5
3 10
y
y
+
+
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.4 Operations with Algebraic Expressions
Example 3 Subtracting Algebraic Expressions
Simplify
Solution:
( ) ( ). 3 6 4 1 2 3
2 2
+ + x y x x y x
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
4 8
3 1 6 2 4 3
) 3 6 4 ( ) 1 2 3 (
3 6 4 1 2 3
2
2
2 2
2 2
+ =
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ +
x y x
x y x
x y x x y x
x y x x y x
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A list of products may be obtained from the
distributive property:
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.4 Operations with Algebraic Expressions
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.4 Operations with Algebraic Expressions
Example 5 Special Products
a. By Rule 2,


b. By Rule 3,

( )( )
( ) ( )
10 3
5 2 5 2
5 2
2
2
=
+ + =
+
x x
x x
x x
( )( )
( )
20 47 21
4 5 7 5 4 3 7 3
4 7 5 3
2
2
+ =
+ + + =
+ +
z z
z z
z z
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.4 Operations with Algebraic Expressions
Example 5 Special Products
c. By Rule 5,


d. By Rule 6,


e. By Rule 7,

( )
( )
16 8
4 4 2
4
2
2 2
2
+ =
+ =

x x
x x
x
( )( )
( )
8
3 1
3 1 3 1
2
2
2
2
2 2
=
+ =
+ + +
y
y
y y
( )
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
8 36 54 27
2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3
2 3
2 3
3 2 2 3
3
+ + + =
+ + + =
+
x x x
x x x
x
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.4 Operations with Algebraic Expressions
Example 7 Dividing a Multinomial by a Monomial

z
z z
z
z z z
x
x
x x
3
2
3
4 2
2
6 3 8 4
b.
3
3
a.
2
2 3
2
3
+ =
+
+ =
+
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If two or more expressions are multiplied
together, the expressions are called the
factors of the product.
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.5 Factoring
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.5 Factoring
Example 1 Common Factors
a. Factor completely.
Solution:


b. Factor completely.
Solution:
x k x k
3 2 2
9 3 +
( ) k x x k x k x k 3 3 9 3
2 3 2 2
+ = +
2 2 4 4 3 2 3 2 5
2 6 8 z xy b a yz b a y x a
( )
2 4 2 3 2 2 3 2
2 2 4 4 3 2 3 2 5
3 4 2
2 6 8
xyz b a z b y x a y a
z xy b a yz b a y x a
=

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.5 Factoring
Example 3 Factoring
( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )
( ) z z z z
x x x
y y y y y y
x x x x
x x x
+ = +
= +
+ = +
+ + = + +
+ = + +
1 e.
3 9 6 d.
2 3 2 3 18 3 6 c.
2 3 1 3 2 9 9 b.
4 16 8 a.
4 / 1 4 / 5 4 / 1
2
2
2 3
2
4
2
( )( )( )
( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )( )( )
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 6 6
2 3
2 2 2 2
3 / 1 3 / 1 3 / 1 3 / 2
2 4

j.
2 4 2 8 i.
b b a a h.
4 1 4 5 g.
1 1 1 1 f.
y xy x y x y xy x y x
y x y x y x
x x x x
b a y x y x y x y x
x x x x
x x x x
+ + + + =
+ =
+ + =
+ + = +
= +
+ + =
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Simplifying Fractions
Allows us to multiply/divide the numerator and
denominator by the same nonzero quantity.
Multiplication and Division of Fractions
The rule for multiplying and dividing is
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.6 Fractions
bd
ac
d
c
b
a
=
|
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|

\
|
|
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|

\
|
bc
ad
d
c
b
a
=
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Rationalizing the Denominator
For a denominator with square roots, it may be
rationalized by multiplying an expression that
makes the denominator a difference of two
squares.

Addition and Subtraction of Fractions
If we add two fractions having the same
denominator, we get a fraction whose
denominator is the common denominator.
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.6 Fractions
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.6 Fractions
Example 1 Simplifying Fractions
a. Simplify
Solution:



b. Simplify
Solution:

.
12 7
6
2
2
+

x x
x x
( )( )
( )( ) 4
2
4 3
2 3
12 7
6
2
2

+
=

+
=
+

x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
.
4 4 8
8 6 2
2
2
x x
x x

+
( )( )
( )( ) ( ) 2 2
4
2 1 4
4 1 2
4 4 8
8 6 2
2
2
+
+
=
+
+
=

+
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.6 Fractions
Example 3 Dividing Fractions
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( ) 4 1
2
8 2
1
1
4
1
8 2
1
4
c.
3 2
5
2
1
3
5
2
3
5
b.
3 2
5
3
5
2 5
3
2
a.
2 2 2
2
+ +
=
+

+ +

=
+

+
=

+
x x x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.6 Fractions
Example 5 Adding and Subtracting Fractions
( ) ( )
2
3 3

2
2 3 5

2
2 3
2
5
a.
2
2
2

+
=

+ +
=

+
+

p
p p
p
p p
p
p
p
p
( )( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
3
4

3 2
2
3 1
4 1

6 5
2
3 2
4 5
b.
2
2
2
2
+
=
+ +
+

+

=
+ +
+

+
+
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
( ) ( ) ( )
1
7
7

7
4 2 5

14 9
8 4
7
2
7
5
c.
2 2
2
2 2
=

=

+ +
=
+
+
+

+
x
x
x
x x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x x
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.6 Fractions
Example 7 Subtracting Fractions
( )
( )( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 3 3 2
6 15
3 3 2
6 5 12 10 2

3 3 2
3 2 3 2 2
9 2
2
9 6
2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2 2
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
+ +
=

+ +

x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x
x
x
x x
x
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Equations
An equation is a statement that two
expressions are equal.
The two expressions that make up an equation
are called its sides.
They are separated by the equality sign, =.
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations
Example 1 Examples of Equations
z w
y
y
x x
x
=
=

= + +
= +
7 d.
6
4
c.
0 2 3 b.
3 2 a.
2
A variable (e.g. x, y) is a symbol that can be
replaced by any one of a set of different
numbers.
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Equivalent Equations
Two equations are said to be equivalent if they
have exactly the same solutions.
There are three operations that guarantee
equivalence:
1. Adding/subtracting the same polynomial
to/from both sides of an equation.
2. Multiplying/dividing both sides of an
equation by the same nonzero constant.
3. Replacing either side of an equation by an
equal expression.
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations
Operations That May Not Produce Equivalent
Equations
4. Multiplying both sides of an equation by an
expression involving the variable.
5. Dividing both sides of an equation by an
expression involving the variable.
6. Raising both sides of an equation to equal
powers.
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations
Linear Equations
A linear equation in the variable x can be
written in the form

where a and b are constants and .
A linear equation is also called a first-degree
equation or an equation of degree one.
0 = +b ax
0 = a
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations
Example 3 Solving a Linear Equation
Solve
Solution:
. 3 6 5 x x =
( ) ( )
3
2
6
2
2

6 2
6 0 6 6 2
0 6 2
3 3 3 6 5
3 6 5
=
=
=
+ = +
=
+ = +
=
x
x
x
x
x
x x x x
x x
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations
Example 5 Solving a Linear Equations
Solve
Solution:
. 6
4
8 9
2
3 7
=

+ x x
( )
( ) ( )
2
10 5
24 14 5
24 8 9 3 7 2
6 4
4
8 9
2
3 7
4
=
=
= +
= +
=
|
.
|

\
|

+
x
x
x
x x
x x
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations
Literal Equations
Equations where constants are not specified,
but are represented as a, b, c, d, etc. are
called literal equations.
The letters are called literal constants.
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations
Example 7 Solving a Literal Equation
Solve for x.
Solution:
( ) ( )
( )
a c
a
x
a a c x
a ax x x cx ax
a x x x c a

=
=
+ + = + +
+ = + +
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
2
( ) ( )
2
2
a x x x c a + = + +
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations




Example 9 Solving a Fractional Equation
Solve
Solution:
Fractional Equations
A fractional equation is an equation in which
an unknown is in a denominator.
.
3
6
4
5

=
x x
( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
=
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|

9
4 6 3 5
3
6
3 4
4
5
3 4
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations
Example 11 Literal Equation
If express u in terms of the remaining
letters; that is, solve for u.
Solution:
,
v au
u
s
+
=
( )
( )
sa
sv
u
sv sa u
u sv sau
u v au s
v au
u
s

=
=
= +
= +
+
=
1

1

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.7 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations

Radical Equations
A radical equation is one in which an unknown
occurs in a radicand.
Example 13 Solving a Radical Equation
Solve
Solution:
. 3 3 = y y
4
2
12 6
9 6 3
3 3
=
=
=
+ =
=
y
y
y
y y y
y y
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A quadratic equation in the variable x is an
equation that can be written in the form

where a, b, and c are constants and
A quadratic equation is also called a second-
degree equation or an equation of degree two.
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.8 Quadratic Equations
0
2
= + + c bx ax
. 0 = a
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.8 Quadratic Equations
Example 1 Solving a Quadratic Equation by Factoring
a. Solve
Solution:
Factor the left side factor:
Whenever the product of two or more quantities
is zero, at least one of the quantities must be
zero.
. 0 12
2
= + x x
( )( ) 0 4 3 = + x x
( ) ( )
4 3
0 4 or 0 3
= =
= + =
x x
x x
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.8 Quadratic Equations
Example 1 Solving a Quadratic Equation by Factoring
b. Solve
Solution:



. 5 6
2
w w =
( )
6
5
or 0
0 5 6
5 6
2
= =
=
=
w w
w w
w w
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.8 Quadratic Equations
Example 3 Solving a Higher-Degree Equation by
Factoring
a. Solve
Solution:



b. Solve
Solution:
. 0 4 4
3
= x x
( )
( )( )
1 or 1 or 0
0 1 1 4
0 1 4
0 4 4
2
3
= = =
= +
=
=
x x x
x x x
x x
x x
( ) ( ) ( ) . 0 2 5 2
3 2
= + + + + x x x x x
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( )
7 / 2 or 2 or 0
0 7 2 2
0 2 5 2
0 2 5 2
2
2
3 2
= = =
= + +
= + + + +
= + + + +
x x x
x x x
x x x x
x x x x x
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.8 Quadratic Equations
Example 5 Solution by Factoring
Solve
Solution:

. 3
2
= x
( )( )
3 Thus,
3 or 3
0 3 3
0 3
3
2
2
=
= =
= +
=
=
x
x x
x x
x
x
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Quadratic Formula
The roots of the quadratic equation

can be given as
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.8 Quadratic Equations
0
2
= + + c bx ax
a
ac b b
x
2
4
2

=
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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.8 Quadratic Equations
Example 7 A Quadratic Equation with One Real Root
Solve by the quadratic formula.
Solution:
Here a = 9, b = 62, and c = 2. The roots are
0 9 2 6 2
2
= + + y y
( )
3
2
18
0 2 6
or
3
2
18
0 2 6
9 2
0 2 6
=

= =
+
=

=
y y
y
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Quadratic-Form Equation
When a non-quadratic equation can be
transformed into a quadratic equation by an
appropriate substitution, the given equation is
said to have quadratic-form.
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.8 Quadratic Equations
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
0.8 Quadratic Equations
Example 9 Solving a Quadratic-Form Equation
Solve

Solution:
This equation can be written as
Substituting w =1/x
3
, we have



Thus, the roots are
. 0 8
9 1
3 6
= + +
x x
0 8
1
9
1
3
2
3
= +
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
x x
( )( )
1 or 8
0 1 8
0 8 9
2
= =
= + +
= + +
w w
w w
w w
1 or
2
1
1
1
or 8
1
3 3
= =
= =
x x
x x