EC304

MICROPROCESSOR
FUNDAMENTAL

TOPIC 1
INTRODUCTION TO
MICROPROCESSOR-BASED
SYSTEMS
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLO)
CLO 1

Explain the concept of a 68000 microprocessor,
the organization of the internal register and the
memory, and the configuration of
microprocessor-based system.
What we are going to learn in topic 1?
Understand the configuration of microprocessor-
based systems.
Know some important terminologies
OBE

OPENING QUESTION

Take a moment to reflect on own experience about
microprocessor
What is microprocessor?
The word comes from the combination micro and
processor.
Micro is the term used to represent the size of the
circuit that form this solid state device. (micro = 10
-6
)
Processor means a device that processes numbers,
specifically binary numbers, 0s and 1s.
The microprocessor is a programmable device that
takes in numbers, performs on the arithmetic or
logical operations according to the program stored
in memory and then produces other numbers as a
result

Microprocessor is an electronic circuit that
functions as the central processing unit (CPU) of
a computer, providing computational control.
Microprocessors are also used in other advanced
electronic systems such as hand phones,
automobiles and home appliances.

MOTOROLA 68000 MICROPROCESSOR
A microprocessor-based system
Standard element of a microprocessor- based
system:
Microprocessor
Memory
Input/output
Connected by system
bus (lines)

Function of microprocessor (CPU)
Heart of the system
Control all operations in the system
Execute instructions stored in memory in
sequence
Execute the arithmetic and logic operation.
Provide clock and control signal
Achieve data and instruction from memory.
Transfer data and instruction from input/output.

Block diagram of a microprocessor
Inside microprocessor
ALU
Performs all arithmetic (adding, subtracting, etc) and logic operating
(AND, OR) of the data which enters the microprocessor

Control Unit
Manages the sequence and timing of events carried out within the
microprocessor. To synchronize all the operation inside CPU.

Registers
Holds values of internal operation, such as the address of the
instruction being executed and the data being processed
i.e Accumulator, Program Counter Register, Status Register
MEMORY SYSTEM
Function : to store/hold program & data that
needed by uP
Save an information in a long list.
An elements in the list have address and data
The address bus lines determine the size of
address location that memory can achieve.
Address bus with n bit = 2
n
memory location.
Each address save 8 bit (1 byte) data.

MEMORY SYSTEM
Memory System
2 operation to memory : Read (R ) and Write (W)
Operations :
To read information from it
To write information to it
2 types of memory: Primary and secondary

Primary Memory
Funtion :
To save a group of binary digits. The digits represent
an instruction processed by computer.
To save the final result of arithmetic operation.
Operation controlled by control unit.
Categorized to ROM and RAM
Secondary Memory
Function:
To save data, program and result from operation
(same as primary memory)
Storage outside the computer
Example: Hard disc, pen drive and memory card.
Advantage of secondary memory compare to
primary memory:
The memory is non-volatile for long time
Low cost
Easy to update the contents.
Internal & External Memory
Primary memory basically can be classified into two types:

Internal memory
It is the memory space that always communicate with the CPU
and other parts of the computer such as the input and output.
It used to store data and instructions being executed. Access
time is very fast. Example: register in MC

External memory
It is a memory space with large capacity. It can store blocks of
data (millions of bytes). It is used as data storage before being
sent to internal memory for processing. Access time is slower
than memory access time for the internal.
Example: RAM & ROM

RAM & ROM
Store binary information; data and instructions

Divided into two;
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Read Only Memory (ROM)

RAM
Data lost upon off power
Has two major types;
Static RAM fast, easy to interface but small sizes
Dynamic RAM Larger but requires refreshing operation
ROM
Store permanent information, data still available after power off
Store critical information such as start up, restart, configure, initialization
process.

Memory Hierarchy
Difference between RAM and ROM

RAM
(Random Access Memory)
ROM
(Read Only Memory)
Volatile
Temporary storage where the
information will lose when power off
Non-volatile
Retain data even with the absence of
power
Read & write
Flexible for being read or written via
software
Read
Can be read, but not write
Operation
RAM is the main memory of the
computer that holds the programs and
information being processed. Usually
used to stored temporary data
Operation
ROM defined as read only random
access memory. It is used by the
computer to get started from power on.
INPUT / OUTPUT
Enable the microprocessor to communicate to outside
world. Divided into two categories;
Input Devices
Device which transfer data into microprocessor
Function: to fetch information or data outside computer and put it in
memory or ALU.
E.g.: keyboard, scanner, bar code reader, mouse, sensor
Output Devices
Devices which obtain data from microprocessor and transform to other
format for human manipulation
Function: Accept digital code from the computer and transform it to
the form that understandable by human or other devices.
E.g.: monitor, printer, LED, hard disk


BUS SYSTEM
A wire used to transfer a signal from one point to another.
A group of cables that connected the CPU to the memory and
input/output port.
All data, instruction and control signal send through bus system
3 types of bus system:
Data bus
Address bus
Control bus

Bus System
Data bus
Data bus bidirectional (read or write).
Determine the data size.
A 2 way bus that send data from memory or
input/output port to or from CPU.
When CPU selected location depend on address
from address bus, data or instruction will be send
or received through data bus.
The size of data bus determine the speed of data
movement.

Address bus
Locate the memory, input/output or other devices
which involve in data movement to or from
microprocessor.
The signal send through this bus is address where the
data or instruction will be executed.
1 way bus.
The bus size determine the memory location.
Example: computer with 16 bit address bus,
maximum memory location 2
16
=65536. The address
that can achieved by processor is 0000 to FFFF.
Control bus

The line that control the data movement and
synchronize it.
Contain the signals that will be used to control
the whole operation.
The available control bus are read and write
signal, interrupt, direct memory access(DMA)
and reset.

Clock System
Clock system is an integrated circuit that
generate electronic beat at a fix rate to
synchronize or control the timing of processor
activities.
The clock system control the operation speed in
computer and measured in MegaHertz(MHz).
TERMINOLOGY
Data size
Measure to determine how much data can be
stored in a single cell of memory
Data size
n
Data Type Data capacity
2
n
Range
1 Bit 2 0-1
4 Nibble 16 0-15
8 Byte 256 0-255
16 Word 65536 0-65535
32 Long Word 4,294,967,296 0-4,294,967,296
Data storage in memory
3 types of data can be stored:
8 bits byte
16 bits word
32 bits longword
8 bits (a byte) data words in each location

Evolution of computers
First generation (vacuum tubes), 1946-1958
Features huge, slow, expensive, and undependable
Examples:
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), 1946
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), 1947
UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer), 1951

Second generation (transistor), 1959-1964
In 1947, John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain working at AT&T's Bell Labs
invented transistor
Transistors conduct electricity faster and better than vacuum tubes, were also much
smaller and gave off virtually no heat compared to vacuum tubes

Third generation (integrated circuit), 1965-1970
Robert Noyce of Fairchild Corporation and Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments independently
discovered integrated circuits

Fourth generation (LSI/VLSI, Microprocessor), 1971-present
By putting millions of transistors onto one single chip more calculation and faster speeds
could be reached by computers.

BIT
A bit is one Binary Digit (a 1 or a 0)
The smallest value in computer system
represented by 0 or 1.
Bits is usually used in terms of speed of
transmission
e.g. kbit/sec

BYTE
a Byte is 8 bits.
Bytes is used mostly to describe the size of
storage space or the size of data itself.

CONCEPT OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Embedded system means the processor is
embedded into that application
An embedded product uses a microprocessor or
microcontroller to do one task only.
There is only one application software that is
typically burned into ROM.
Example: Printer, camera and video game player

Characteristics that determine the ability
of the microprocessor

Clock speed-faster clock speed of a
microprocessor, faster processing of a computer
Data bus size/Word size-word size refers to the
number of data bits that can be carried by the
microprocessor in each instruction cycle. Higher
word sizes, faster processors can process data.
The amount of RAM used.
Size of the internal register
OBE
TWO MINUTE PAPER

Summarize the most important points in todays
lectures.
End Of Chapter Assessment

Draw the block diagram of a microprocessor- based
system and explain the functions of each component
in the system.
What are the three most basic components that are
required in any microprocessor system?
Explain the difference between RAM and ROM.
Define the terminology of bit, byte, word and long
word.
Define an embedded system.
List Two(2) examples of an input and output device.

What is bit short for?
How many possible values can a bit have?
How many possible values can a byte have?
8 bits = _________ nibble
32 bits = __________ bytes
64 bits = __________ long words
4 MB = _________ bits
2 KB = _________ bits