Petrofac Training

Training. Competence. Excellence.

Unit I-07
Temperature Measurement

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Objectives

Given illustrations and drawings, the trainee will correctly:

Describe The Temperature Variable
Identify Temperature Measuring Devices
Explain Their Principles Of Operation

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Introduction

In this unit, we will discuss the Temperature Variable and explain
how it can be measured.

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Describe the Temperature Variable

Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness, measured on a
definite scale. The motion of the molecule in a substance determines
how hot or cold it is.

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Heat Transfer

When two substances of different temperatures come into contact
with each other, there is a flow of heat.

This flow is called heat transfer.

Heat transfer will always be from the hotter substance to the colder
substance.

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Heat Transfer by CONVECTION


Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Heat Transfer through CONDUCTION

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Heat Transfer by RADIATION

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Temperature Scales
180 DIVISIONS
BOILING WATER
MELTING ICE
FAHRENHEIT (
O
F) CELSIUS (
O
C)
(491.67
0
R) (273.15 K)
100 212
0 32
180 DIVISIONS
BOILING WATER
MELTING ICE

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
The Absolute Scale

In instrumentation, many temperature measurements have to be
made from ABSOLUTE ZERO.

Absolute zero is the temperature at which no heat energy (atomic
movement) exists.

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Expansion Type Thermometers

Most materials expand as they get hotter.

An expansion type thermometer uses the expansion of a material to
indicate temperature.

There are several different types.

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Liquid in Glass Thermometer
SCALE
LIQUID FILLED BULB
LIQUID COLUMN
GLASS STEM
IMMERSION MARK
VACUUM
LIQUID
IMMERSION MARK
FRONT OF STEM SHAPED
AS LENS TO BROADEN
APPARENT SIZE OF COLUMN.
LIQUID COLUMN
WHITE VITREOUS ENAMEL

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Filled System Thermometer
LIQUID FILLED
STEEL BULB
FILLED WITH
MERCURY
GAS FILLED
STEEL BULB
FILLED WITH
GAS
VAPORISING LIQUID FILLED
STEEL BULB
FILLED WITH
VAPORISING
LIQUID

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Ambient Temperature Compensation for Filled System
BOURDON TUBES
POINTER
SCALE

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
SUPPLY
WATER TANK
WALL
ELECTRIC HEATER COIL
EXPANSION
INVAR ROD
BRASS TUBE
SWITCH
Solid Expansion Types - Thermostats

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
INVAR
BRASS
COLD
HOT
FIXED END
Bi-Metal Strips

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
NICKEL STEEL BI-METAL
HELICAL STRIP
5
0
1
0
0
20
0
FIXED END
SHAFT RIGIDLY FIXED
TO ROTATING END
CENTRE SHAFT SUPPORT
STEEL OR BRASS STEM
SOLID METAL BODY
POINTER
HEAVY GLASS PLATE
SCALE
Bi-Metal Strip Thermometers

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
TERMINAL BOX
CABLE TO
ELECTRONICS
STAINLESS STEEL
SHEATH
FIXING NUT INTO
THERMOWELL
Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)
THERMOWELL
CERAMIC SPACERS
STAINLESS STEEL
SHEATH
GLASS TO METAL SEALS
GLASS WOOL PACKING
GLASS COATING
LEAD WIRES
PLATINUM COIL
CERAMIC ROD

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Temperature Resistance Value for a Pt100

Examples of Table use

The resistance at 200DegC
= 175.84

The resistance at -150DegC
= 39.73

The resistance at 560DegC
= 300.77


Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
0
C
0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90
-200 18.61
-100 60.24 56.18 52.10 48.00 43.88 39.73 35.54 31.33 27.10 22.85
0 100.00 96.08 92.15 88.21 84.26 80.29 76.31 72.32 68.31 64.28
0 +10 +20 +30 +40 +50 +60 +70 +80 +90
0 100.00 103.90 107.79 111.67 115.54 119.40 123.24 127.07 130.89 134.70
100 138.50 142.29 146.06 149.82 153.57 157.31 161.04 164.76 168.46 172.15
200 175.84 179.51 183.16 186.81 190.45 194.07 197.69 201.29 204.88 208.46
300 212.03 215.58 219.13 222.66 226.19 229.70 233.20 236.68 240.16 243.63
400 247.08 250.52 253.95 257.37 260.78 264.18 267.56 270.93 274.30 277.65
500 280.98 284.31 287.62 290.93 294.22 297.50 300.77 304.02 307.26 310.50
600 313.72 316.92 320.12 323.30 326.47 329.63 332.78 335.92 339.04 342.15
700 345.25 348.33 351.40 354.47 357.51 360.55
Temperature Resistance Valves for a Pt 100

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Basic Circuit of a Simple RTD
SUPPLY
100R
R
1
RTD
100 at 0C
1
2
3
R
1
DISPLAY
UNIT
CONTROL ROOM
PLANT

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
4-Wire System RTD
BRIDGE
SUPPLY
100R
R
1
R
T
1
2
3
4
R
1

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Thermocouple Seebeck Effect
IRON
CONSTANTAN
HOT JUNCTION COLD JUNCTION
I I I I

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Thermocouple Thermometer
HOT
JUNCTION
COLD JUNCTION
COLD JUNCTION
COMPENSATION
CIRCUIT
INPUT
AMPLIFIER
OUTPUT AMPLIFIER

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Thermocouple Thermometer
0
8
4
-8
12
16

0 -4
COLD JUNCTION AT 0
O
C
THERMOCOUPLE EMF mV
300
400
200
100
-200
-100
T
E
M
P
E
R
A
T
U
R
E


0
O
C


Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
TYPE CONDUCTORS
(Positive conductor first)
ACCURACY OUTPUT FOR
INDICATED
TEMPERATURE
Cold Junction
At 0
0
C
SERVICE TEMPERATURE
B Platinum : 30% Rhodium
Platinum : 6 % Rhodium
0 to 1100
0
C + 3
0
C
1100 to 1550
0
C + 4
0
C
1.241 mV at 500
0
C 0 to 1500
0
C
Better life expectancy at
high temperature than
types R & S.
E Nickel: Chromium/
Constantan
(Chromel/Constantan)
0 to 400
0
C + 3
0
C 6.317 mV at 100
0
C -200 to 850
0
C
Resistant to oxidising
atmosphere.
J Iron /
Constantan
0 to 300
0
C + 3
0
C
300 to 850
0
C + 1%
5.268 mV at 100
0
C -200 to 850
0
C
Low cost,
suitable for general use.
K Nickel : Chromium /
Nickel : Aluminium
(Cromel/Alumel)
0 to 400
0
C + 3
0
C
400 to 1100
0
C + 0.75%
4.095 mV at 100
0
C -200 to 1100
0
C
Good general purpose,
best in oxidising
atmosphere.
N Nickel : Chromium : Silicon:/
Nickel Silicon
-230
0
C to 1230
0
C + 0.75% New high Tech.
replacement for Type K
Standard Thermocouples in Use

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
TYPE CONDUCTORS
(Positive conductor first)
ACCURACY OUTPUT FOR
INDICATED
TEMPERATURE
Cold Junction
At 0
0
C
SERVICE TEMPERATURE
R Platinum :
13% Rhodium / Platinum
0 to 1100 + 1
0
C
1100 to1400
0
C + 2
0
C
4.471 mV at 500
0
C 0 to 1500
0
C
High temperature
corrosion resistant.
S Platinum :
10% Rhodium/Platinum
1400
0
C + 3
0
C 4.234 mV at 500
0
C 0 to 1500
0
C
High temperature
corrosion resistant.
T Copper/Constantan:
(Cu/Con)
0 to 100
0
C + 1
0
C
100 to 400
0
C + 1%
4.277 mV at 100
0
C -250
o
C to 400
o
C
High resistance to
corrosion by water.
Standard Thermocouples in Use

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement

TYPE

COMPOSITION


FOR USE WITH TYPE

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE RANGE
U Copper/ Copper- Nickel

R and S 0 - 50
0
C
V
X
Copper/ Constantan K and N 0 - 80
0
C
Compensating Leads

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Practical Thermocouple
COMPENSATING CABLE
Cu
Cu
Cu:Ni Cu:Ni
PT: 10%Rh
PT

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
0
C
0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90
-100 -3.378
0 0 -0.383 -0.757 -1.121 -1.475 -1.819 -2.152 -2.475 -2.788 -3.089
0 +10 +20 +30 +40 +50 +60 +70 +80 +90
0 0.000 0.391 0.789 1.196 1.611 2.035 2.467 2.908 3.357 3.813
100 4.277 4.749 5.227 5.712 6.204 6.702 7.207 7.718 8.235 8.757
200 9.286 9.820 10.360 10.905 11.456 12.011 12.572 13.137 13.707 14.281
300 14.860 15.443 16.030 16.621 17.217 17.816 18.420 19.027 19.638 20.252
400 20.869
mV verses Temperature Type T Thermocouple

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Thermistor

Is a semiconductor made of metal oxides
Its resistance increases or decreases with temperature

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Overall Length 52mm
Disk Diameter 10mm
Disc Thermistor

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Thermistor Probe
CONNECTING
LEADS
ADJUSTABLE
LOCATING
NUT
THERMISTOR
STAINLESS
STEEL
SHEATH

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Radiation Temperature Detector (Pyrometer)
SENSOR AUXILIARY LEN
MAIN LEN
RADIATION FROM TARGET
ELECTRONIC
AMPLIFIER
CONNECTOR-
PLUG AND SOCKET

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Thermopile for use in a Radiation Pyrometer
COLD JUNCTION
HOT JUNCTION
OUTPUT mV

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
RANGER P.M
LASER SIGHT
Pistol Grip Type Radiation Thermometer

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Thermowell
THERMOWELL
THERMOWELL PROBE
(RTD, T/C, FILLED SYSTEM, ETC)
CONNECTION TO INDICATOR
HEAT
TRANSFER
HEAT
TRANSFER

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Electrical/Electronic Temperature Transmitter
LOCAL INDICATOR
ELECTRONICS UNIT
SENSOR

Unit I-07: Temperature Measurement
Typical Temperature Transmitter Installation
INSULATION (IF REQUIRED)
UNION OR COUPLING
EXTENSION ROD
EXTENSION
LENGTH
2.2
WALL OF PIPE OR
PROCESS CONTAINER
SENSITIVE PORTION
OF SENSOR
THERMOWELL
TRANSMITTER
CONDUIT FOR
FIELD WIRING

Petrofac Training
Training. Competence. Excellence.
Unit I-07
Temperature Measurement