Chapter 4 part 1

4.1
Vector Spaces
Linear Algebra
s 8
Ch04_2
4.1 General Vector Spaces
Definition
A is a set V of elements called vectors, having
operations of addition and scalar multiplication defined on it
that satisfy the following conditions:
Let u, v, and w be arbitrary elements of V, and c and d are scalars.
Closure Axioms
1. u + v (V is closed under addition.)
2. cu (V is closed under scalar multiplication.)
Our aim in this section will be to focus on the algebraic
properties of R
n
.
Ch04_3
Addition Axioms
3. u + v = (commutative property)
4. u + (v + w) = (associative property)
5. There exists an element of V, called the , denoted 0,
such that u + 0 =
6. called the of u, such that u + (u) = 0.
Scalar Multiplication Axioms
7. c(u + v) =
8. (c + d)u =
9. c(du) =
10. 1u =
Definition of Vector Space (continued)
u V u e -
Ch04_4
Example 1
, 3, 1, 1, 3, Let 5, 7, . { } V = . . Is V a vector space ?
, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, Let 3, 4, . { } Z = . . Is Z a vector space ?
Solution
Solution
A Vector Space in R
3
Example 2
Ch04_5
}. | 1) 0, (1, { Let R e = a a W Prove that W is a vector space.
Proof
Example 3
Ch04_6
Vector Spaces of Matrices (M
mn
)
}. , , , | { Let
22
R e
(

= s r q p
s r
q p
M Prove that M
22
is a vector space.
Proof
Ch04_7
In general: The set of m n matrices, M
mn
, is a vector space.
Ch04_8
{ | , , , 0} a vector space?
p q
Istheset W p q r s
r s
(
= >
(

Example 4
Solution
Ch04_9
Vector Spaces of Functions
Prove that F = { f | f : R R } is a vector space.
Ch04_10
Vector Spaces of Functions (continued)
Is the set F ={ f | f (x)=ax
2
+bx+c , a,b,c eR , } a vector space?
0 a =
Example 5
Solution
Ch04_11
Subspaces
Definition
Let V be a vector space and U be a . of V.
U is said to be a of V if it is
.. and ..
Note:
........
........
........
is a vector space

)
Ch04_12
Example 6
Let U be the subset of R
3
consisting of all vectors of the form
(a, a, b) , a,beR , i.e., U = {(a, a, b) e R
3
}.
Show that U is a subspace of R
3
.
Solution
Show that U = {(a, 0, 0) e R
3 ,
ae R } is a subspace of R
3
.
Ch04_13
Example 7
Let V be the set of vectors of of R
3
of the form (a, a
2
, b),
V = {(a, a
2
, b) e R
3 ,
a,be R }. Is V a subspace of R
3
?
Solution
Ch04_14
Example 8
Prove that the set W of 2 2 diagonal matrices is a subspace of
the vector space M
22.

Solution
Ch04_15
Theorem 4.5 (Very important condition)
Let U be a subspace of a vector space V.

Example 9
Let W be the set of vectors of the form (a, a, a+2).
Show that W is not a subspace of R
3
.
Solution