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Specific Objectives:
2P
) aP( er uss er P
D
1P
V1 V2
Volume (m3)
A–B : Adiabatic compression
B–C : Heat received at constant volume (combustion)
C–D : Adiabatic expansion
D–A : Heat rejected at constant volume (exhaust)
Otto Cycle
• 1. The induction stroke takes place at A. Although in theory the
pressure should be the same as atmospheric, in practice it's rather
lower. The amount of petrol air mixture taken in can be increased by use
of a supercharger.
• 2. A to B is the compression stroke. Both valves are closed. The
compression is adiabatic, and no heat enters or leaves the cylinder.
• 3. Ignition occurs at C. The gases resulting from the ignition expand
adiabatically, leading to the power stroke.
• 4. D to A the gas is cooled instantaneously.
• 5. At A the exhaust stroke occurs and the the gases are removed at
constant pressure to the atmosphere.
• 6. Strange as it may seem, the piston does half a revolution at A.
Actually it's slightly in practice, as the the valve timing is more complex.
Diesel cycle
• In the diesel cycle the theoretical pressure-
volume diagram is formed from two adiabatic
operations, one constant-pressure and one
constant-volume operation.
• Air is compressed adiabatically, then heat is
added at constant pressure. Adiabatic expansion
takes place and then heat is rejected at constant
volume
Diesel Cycle
B C
P
) aP( er uss er P
V1 V2
Volume (m3)
A–B : Adiabatic compression
B–C : Heat received at constant pressure
(combustion)
C–D : Adiabatic expansion
D–A : Heat rejected at constant volume
Diesel cycle
• 1. The induction stroke takes air in ideally at constant volume,
pressure at temperature.
• 2. The compression stroke takes place from A to B. The air
is compressed adiabatically to about 1/20 of its original
volume. It gets hot.
• 3. From B to C fuel is injected in atomised form. It burns
steadily so that the pressure on the piston is constant.
• 4. From C to D the power stroke moves the piston down as
adiabatic expansion takes place.
• 5. D to A cooling and exhaust occurs.
Dual cycle
• In the dual cycle, air is compressed
adiabatically, then heat is added, partly in
a constant volume process and the
remainder in a constant pressure process.
P
) aP( er uss er P
V1 V2
Volume (m3)
A–B : Adiabatic compression
B–C : Heat received at constant volume
C–D : Heat received at constant pressure
D–E : Adiabatic expansion
E–A : Heat rejected at constant volume
COMPRESSION IGNITION
ENGINE
• Compression ignition engine works on dual cycle
• Fuel injectors or fuel valve will supply the fuel oil in fine
spray when the piston is nearly at top dead centre
• The fuel will then be mixed with air (compressed) and
burn inside the cylinder when the piston is at TDC.
PISTON
CYLINDER
LINER
CRANKSHAFT
DIRECTION
CRANK PIN
INDUCTION STROKE / COMPRESSION STROKE POWER / EXPANSION STROKE EXHAUST STROKE EXHAUST STROKE
SCAVENGE STROKE
How strokes are executed
PLAN
Power =
2
P= Mean effective pressure, kN/m2
L= Stroke length, m
A= Area of cylinder bore, m2
N= Revolution/second
4 - STROKE CYCLE
9
PISTON POSITION
8 3 4
10 9 5
3 4 5 8 10
2 6
1
2
6
DIRECTION 7
PRESSURE
1 1/7
4 - STROKE CYCLE
Fuel Fuel
injection injection
begins ends
PO
COMPRESSION STROKE
W
E
ER
T STROK
Inlet v/v
ST
opens
RO
SUC
KE
Rotation
EXHAUS
TIO
N STRO
Inlet v/v KE
closes Exh. v/v
opens
OVERLAPPING PERIOD
Specific Objectives:
• Describe the operation cycle process of a
2-stroke diesel engine.
• Identify the 2-stroke engine timing diagram
TWO STROKE CYCLE
• The two stroke cycle is so called because
it takes two strokes of the piston or one
revolution of crank shaft to complete the
processes needed to convert the energy
in the fuel into work.
Why 2-Stroke Cycle Engines
• We know 4-stroke cycle engine gives only
one power stroke out of 4 strokes of the
piston or one power stroke in two
revolutions of the crank shaft.
PISTON POSITION
6
7 3 7
3
2 8
8
2
1 1 PRESSURE
• 1-2 Scavenging period, both exhaust and inlet ports
are open.
• 2-3 Scavenge stroke ends. Exhaust ports remain open to
ensure only fresh air remains in the
cylinder.
• 3-4 Compression takes place. Both ports closed.
The air is then compressed by the upward movement of
the piston.
• 4-5-6 Fuel injector is operational supplying fuel oil.
• 6-7 Due to expansion of gases, piston moves downward.
(Power stroke)
• 7-8 When piston crown/top ring passes the exhaust ports,
exhaust begins
• 8-1 When the piston passes the inlet ports, Scavenging begins
and fresh air fills the cylinder, thus pushing the remaining exhaust
gases out
Fuel Fuel
injection injection
begins ends
POW
IOS
ES
ER
R
MP
STR
CO
OK
Rotation
E
Scavenge Scavenge
ports ports
close open
Exhaust Exhaust
SCAVENGE
ports ports
close open
EXHAUST
TWO STROKE TIMING DIAGRAM
The 2 stroke
crosshead engine
works on exactly
the same principle
and cycle as the 2
stroke trunk piston
engine.
The disadvantages of the two stroke
trunk piston engine are that:
The piston rod is bolted to the piston and passes through a stuffing box mounted
in the diaphragm plate. The stuffing box provides a seal between the two spaces,
stopping oil from being carried up to the scavenge space, and scavenge air leaking
into the crankcase.
The foot of the piston rod is bolted to the crosshead pin. The top end of the
connecting rod swings about the crosshead pin, as the downward load from the
expanding gas applies a turning force to the crankshaft.
To ensure that the crosshead reciprocates in alignment with the piston in the
cylinder, guide shoes are attached either side of the crosshead pin. These shoes
are lined with white metal, a bearing material and they reciprocate against the
crosshead guides, which are bolted to the frame of the engine. The crosshead
guides are located in-between each cylinder.
Using the crosshead design of engine allows engines to be built with very long
strokes - which means the engine can burn a greater quantity of fuel/stroke and
develop more power. The fuel used can be of a lower grade than that used in a
trunk piston engine, with a higher sulphur content, whilst high alkalinity cylinder
oils with a different specification to that of the crankcase oil are used to lubricate
the cylinder liner and piston rings and combat the effects of acid attack.
SCAVENGING
• To ensure a sufficient supply of fresh air for
combustion by removing all remaining exhaust gases
by blowing with these fresh air.
• LOOP SCAVENGING
• UNIFLOW SCAVENGING
Cross/direct flow
scavenging
Exhaust
manifold
Scavenge
manifold
Loop scavenging
Exhaust
manifold
Scavenge
manifold
2 stroke engines do not have exhaust
valves; With scavenge ports in the cylinder
liner, they are fitted with exhaust ports
located just above the scavenge ports.
• How?
•By increasing mass of air in cylinder, more fuel can be
burned and correspondingly power output will be
increased