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Fundamentals of

Bus Bar Protection


GE Multilin
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
1-Nov-14
Outline

Bus arrangements
Bus components
Bus protection techniques
CT Saturation
Application Considerations:
High impedance bus differential relaying
Low impedance bus differential relaying
Special topics
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Distribution and lower transmission voltage levels
No operating flexibility
Fault on the bus trips all circuit breakers
Single bus - single breaker
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Distribution and lower transmission voltage levels
Limited operating flexibility
Multiple bus sections - single breaker with
bus tie
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Transmission and distribution voltage levels
Breaker maintenance without circuit removal
Fault on a bus disconnects only the circuits being connected
to that bus
Double bus - single breaker with bus tie
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Increased operating flexibility
A bus fault requires tripping all breakers
Transfer bus for breaker maintenance

Main and transfer buses
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Very high operating flexibility
Transfer bus for breaker maintenance

Double bus single breaker w/ transfer bus
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High operating flexibility
Line protection covers bus section between two CTs
Fault on a bus does not disturb the power to circuits
Double bus - double breaker
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Used on higher voltage levels
More operating flexibility
Requires more breakers
Middle bus sections covered by line or other equipment
protection
Breaker-and-a-half bus
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Higher voltage levels
High operating flexibility with minimum breakers
Separate bus protection not required at line positions
Ring bus
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Bus components
breakers
SF6, EHV & HV - Synchropuff
Low Voltage circuit breakers
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Disconnect switches & auxiliary contacts

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Current Transformers
Oil insulated current transformer
(35kV up to 800kV)
Gas (SF6) insulated current
transformer
Bushing type (medium
voltage switchgear)
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Protection Requirements
High bus fault currents due to large number of circuits
connected:
CT saturation often becomes a problem as CTs may not be sufficiently
rated for worst fault condition case
large dynamic forces associated with bus faults require fast clearing
times in order to reduce equipment damage
False trip by bus protection may create serious problems:
service interruption to a large number of circuits (distribution and sub-
transmission voltage levels)
system-wide stability problems (transmission voltage levels)
With both dependability and security important, preference is
always given to security

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Multilin
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Bus Protection Techniques
Interlocking schemes
Overcurrent (unrestrained or unbiased)
differential
Overcurrent percent (restrained or biased)
differential
Linear couplers
High-impedance bus differential schemes
Low-impedance bus differential schemes
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Multilin
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Interlocking Schemes
Blocking scheme typically
used
Short coordination time
required
Care must be taken with
possible saturation of feeder
CTs
Blocking signal could be sent
over communications ports
(peer-to-peer)
This technique is limited to
simple one-incomer
distribution buses
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Overcurrent (unrestrained) Differential
Differential signal formed by
summation of all currents feeding
the bus
CT ratio matching may be
required
On external faults, saturated CTs
yield spurious differential current
Time delay used to cope with CT
saturation
Instantaneous differential OC
function useful on integrated
microprocessor-based relays
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59
Linear Couplers
Z
C
= 2 20 - typical coil impedance

(5V per 1000Amps => 0.005 @ 60Hz )
If = 8000 A
40 V 10 V 10 V 0 V 20 V
2000 A 2000 A 4000 A 0 A
0 V
External
Fault
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59
Linear Couplers
E
sec
= I
prim
*X
m
- secondary voltage on relay terminals

I
R
= I
prim
*X
m
/(Z
R
+Z
C
)

minimum operating current

where,
I
prim
primary current in each circuit
X
m
liner coupler mutual reactance (5V per 1000Amps => 0.005 @ 60Hz )
Z
R
relay tap impedance
Z
C
sum of all linear coupler self impedances
If = 8000 A
0 A
0 V 10 V 10 V 0 V 20 V
40 V
2000 A 2000 A 4000 A 0 A
Internal Bus
Fault
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Fast, secure and proven
Require dedicated air gap CTs, which may not be used for
any other protection
Cannot be easily applied to reconfigurable buses
The scheme uses a simple voltage detector it does not
provide benefits of a microprocessor-based relay (e.g.
oscillography, breaker failure protection, other functions)
Linear Couplers
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High Impedance Differential
Operating signal created by
connecting all CT secondaries in
parallel
o CTs must all have the same ratio
o Must have dedicated CTs
Overvoltage element operates on
voltage developed across resistor
connected in secondary circuit
o Requires varistors or AC shorting
relays to limit energy during faults
Accuracy dependent on secondary
circuit resistance
o Usually requires larger CT cables to
reduce errors higher cost
Cannot easily be applied to reconfigurable buses and
offers no advanced functionality
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Percent Differential
Percent characteristic used
to cope with CT saturation
and other errors
Restraining signal can be
formed in a number of
ways
No dedicated CTs needed
Used for protection of re-
configurable buses
possible
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Low Impedance Percent Differential
Individual currents sampled by protection and summated digitally
o CT ratio matching done internally (no auxiliary CTs)
o Dedicated CTs not necessary
Additional algorithms improve security of percent differential
characteristic during CT saturation
Dynamic bus replica allows application to reconfigurable buses
o Done digitally with logic to add/remove current inputs from differential
computation
o Switching of CT secondary circuits not required
Low secondary burdens
Additional functionality available
o Digital oscillography and monitoring of each circuit connected to bus zone
o Time-stamped event recording
o Breaker failure protection
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Digital Differential Algorithm Goals
Improve the main differential algorithm operation
o Better filtering
o Faster response
o Better restraint techniques
o Switching transient blocking
Provide dynamic bus replica for reconfigurable bus bars
Dependably detect CT saturation in a fast and reliable manner,
especially for external faults
Implement additional security to the main differential algorithm to
prevent incorrect operation
o External faults with CT saturation
o CT secondary circuit trouble (e.g. short circuits)
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Low Impedance Differential (Distributed)
Data Acquisition Units (DAUs)
installed in bays
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
processes all data from DAUs
Communications between DAUs
and CPU over fiber using
proprietary protocol
Sampling synchronisation
between DAUs is required
Perceived less reliable (more
hardware needed)
Difficult to apply in retrofit
applications
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GE Consumer & Industrial
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Low Impedance Differential (Centralized)
All currents applied to a single
central processor
No communications, external
sampling synchronisation
necessary
Perceived more reliable (less
hardware needed)
Well suited to both new and
retrofit applications.
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CT Saturation
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CT Saturation Concepts
CT saturation depends on a number of factors
o Physical CT characteristics (size, rating, winding resistance,
saturation voltage)
o Connected CT secondary burden (wires + relays)
o Primary current magnitude, DC offset (system X/R)
o Residual flux in CT core
Actual CT secondary currents may not behave in the same manner as
the ratio (scaled primary) current during faults
End result is spurious differential current appearing in the summation
of the secondary currents which may cause differential elements to
operate if additional security is not applied
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CT Saturation
No DC Offset
Waveform remains fairly
symmetrical
With DC Offset
Waveform starts off being
asymmetrical, then
symmetrical in steady
state
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External Fault & Ideal CTs
Fault starts at t
0
Steady-state fault conditions occur at t
1
t
0
t
1
Ideal CTs have no saturation or mismatch errors thus
produce no differential current
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External Fault & Actual CTs
Fault starts at t
0
Steady-state fault conditions occur at t
1

t
0
t
1
Actual CTs do introduce errors, producing some differential
current (without CT saturation)
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External Fault with CT Saturation
Fault starts at t
0
, CT begins to saturate at t
1
CT fully saturated at t
2
t
0
t
1
t
2
CT saturation causes increasing differential current that
may enter the differential element operate region.
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Some Methods of Securing Bus Differential
Block the bus differential for a period of time (intentional delay)
o Increases security as bus zone will not trip when CT saturation is present
o Prevents high-speed clearance for internal faults with CT saturation or
evolving faults
Change settings of the percent differential characteristic (usually Slope 2)
o Improves security of differential element by increasing the amount of
spurious differential current needed to incorrectly trip
o Difficult to explicitly develop settings (Is 60% slope enough? Should it be
75%?)
Apply directional (phase comparison) supervision
o Improves security by requiring all currents flow into the bus zone before
asserting the differential element
o Easy to implement and test
o Stable even under severe CT saturation during external faults
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High-Impedance
Bus Differential
Considerations
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High Impedance Voltage-operated Relay
External Fault
59 element set above max possible voltage developed across
relay during external fault causing worst case CT saturation
For internal faults, extremely high voltages (well above 59
element pickup) will develop across relay
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High Impedance Voltage Operated Relay
Ratio matching with Multi-ratio CTs
Application of high impedance differential relays with CTs of
different ratios but ratio matching taps is possible, but could
lead to voltage magnification.
Voltage developed across full winding of tapped CT does not
exceed CT rating, terminal blocks, etc.

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High Impedance Voltage Operated Relay
Ratio matching with Multi-ratio CTs
Use of auxiliary CTs to obtain correct ratio matching is also
possible, but these CTs must be able to deliver enough voltage
necessary to produce relay operation for internal faults.
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Electromechanical High Impedance Bus
Differential Relays
Single phase relays
High-speed
High impedance voltage sensing
High seismic IOC unit

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Operating time: 20 30ms @ I > 1.5xPKP
P -based High-Impedance Bus Differential
Protection Relays
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R
ST
= 2000 - stabilizing resistor to limit the current
through the relay, and force it to the lower impedance CT
windings.
MOV Metal Oxide Varistor to limit the voltage to
1900 Volts
86 latching contact preventing the resistors from
overheating after the fault is detected
High Impedance Module for Digital
Relays
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High-Impedance Module
+
Overcurrent Relay
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Fast, secure and proven
Requires dedicated CTs, preferably with the same CT ratio
and using full tap
Can be applied to small buses
Depending on bus internal and external fault currents, high
impedance bus diff may not provide adequate settings for
both sensitivity and security
Cannot be easily applied to reconfigurable buses
Require voltage limiting varistor capable of absorbing
significant energy
May require auxiliary CTs
Do not provide full benefits of microprocessor-based relay
system (e.g. metering, monitoring, oscillography, etc.)
High Impedance Bus Protection - Summary
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Low-Impedance
Bus Differential
Considerations
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P-based Low-Impedance Relays
No need for dedicated CTs
Internal CT ratio mismatch compensation
Advanced algorithms supplement percent differential
protection function making the relay very secure
Dynamic bus replica (bus image) principle is used in
protection of reconfigurable bus bars, eliminating the need
for switching physically secondary current circuits
Integrated Breaker Failure (BF) function can provide
optimal tripping strategy depending on the actual
configuration of a bus bar
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Up to 24 Current Inputs
4 Zones
Zone 1 = Phase A
Zone 2 = Phase B
Zone 3 = Phase C
Zone 4 = Not used
Different CT Ratio Capability for
Each Circuit
Largest CT Primary is Base in
Relay
2-8 Circuit Applications
Small Bus Applications

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Relay 1 - 24 Current Inputs
4 Zones
Zone 1 = Phase A (12 currents)
Zone 2 = Phase B (12 currents)
Zone 3 = Not used
Zone 4 = Not used


CB 12 CB 11
Different CT Ratio Capability for Each Circuit
Largest CT Primary is Base in Relay

Relay 2 - 24 Current Inputs
4 Zones
Zone 1 = Not used
Zone 2 = Not used
Zone 3 = Phase C (12 currents)
Zone 4 = Not used

9-12 Circuit Applications
Medium to Large Bus Applications

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Large Bus Applications
87B phase A
87B phase B
87B phase C
Logic relay
(switch status,
optional BF)
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Large Bus Applications
For buses with up to 24 circuits
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Summing External Currents
Not Recommended for Low-Z 87B relays
Relay becomes combination
of restrained and unrestrained
elements
In order to parallel CTs:
CT performance must be closely
matched
o Any errors will appear as
differential currents
Associated feeders must be radial
o No backfeeds possible
Pickup setting must be raised to
accommodate any errors
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Definitions of Restraint Signals
maximum of
geometrical average
scaled sum of
sum of
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Sum Of vs. Max Of Restraint Methods
Sum Of Approach
More restraint on external faults;
less sensitive for internal faults
Scaled-Sum Of approach takes
into account number of connected
circuits and may increase
sensitivity
Breakpoint settings for the percent
differential characteristic more
difficult to set
Max Of Approach
Less restraint on external faults;
more sensitive for internal faults
Breakpoint settings for the percent
differential characteristic easier to
set
Better handles situation where one
CT may saturate completely (99%
slope settings possible)
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Bus Differential Adaptive Approach
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Bus Differential Adaptive Logic Diagram
DIF
L

DIR
SAT
DIF
H

O
R

A
N
D

O
R

87B BIASED OP
A
N
D

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Phase Comparison Principle
Internal Faults: All fault (large) currents are approximately in
phase.
External Faults: One fault (large) current will be out of phase
No Voltages are required or needed
Secondary Current of
Faulted Circuit
(Severe CT Saturation)
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Phase Comparison Principle Continued
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CT Saturation
Fault starts at t
0
, CT begins to saturate at t
1
CT fully saturated at t
2

t
0
t
1
t
2
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CT Saturation Detector State Machine
NORMAL
SAT := 0
EXTERNAL
FAULT
SAT := 1
EXTERNAL
FAULT & CT
SATURATION
SAT := 1
The differential
characteristic
entered
The differential-
restraining trajectory
out of the differential
characteristic for
certain period of time
saturation
condition
The differential
current below the
first slope for
certain period of
time
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GE Consumer & Industrial
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CT Saturation Detector Operating
Principles
The 87B SAT flag WILL NOT be set during internal faults,
regardless of whether or not any of the CTs saturate.
The 87B SAT flag WILL be set during external faults,
regardless of whether or not any of the CTs saturate.
By design, the 87B SAT flag WILL force the relay to use
the additional 87B DIR phase comparison for Region 2
The Saturation Detector WILL NOT Block the Operation of
the Differential Element it will only Force 2-out-of-2
Operation
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CT Saturation Detector - Examples
The oscillography records on the next two slides were captured from a
B30 relay under test on a real-time digital power system simulator
First slide shows an external fault with deep CT saturation (~1.5 msec of
good CT performance)
o SAT saturation detector flag asserts prior to BIASED PKP bus
differential pickup
o DIR directional flag does not assert (one current flows out of zone),
so even though bus differential picks up, no trip results
Second slide shows an internal fault with mild CT saturation
o BIASED PKP and BIASED OP both assert before DIR asserts
o CT saturation does not block bus differential
More examples available (COMTRADE files) upon request
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Despite heavy CT
saturation the
external fault current
is seen in the
opposite direction
CT Saturation Example External Fault
0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
time, sec
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,

A

~1 ms
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CT Saturation Internal Fault Example
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Applying Low-Impedance Differential
Relays for Busbar Protection
Basic Topics
Configure physical CT Inputs
Configure Bus Zone and Dynamic Bus Replica
Calculating Bus Differential Element settings
Advanced Topics
Isolator switch monitoring for reconfigurable buses
Differential Zone CT Trouble
Integrated Breaker Failure protection
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Configuring CT Inputs
For each connected CT circuit enter Primary rating and
select Secondary rating.
Each 3-phase bank of CT inputs must be assigned to a
Signal Source that is used to define the Bus Zone and
Dynamic Bus Replica
Some relays define 1 p.u. as the maximum
primary current of all of the CTs connected in the
given Bus Zone
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Per-Unit Current Definition - Example
Current
Channel
Primary Secondary Zone
CT-1
F1 3200 A 1 A 1
CT-2
F2 2400 A 5 A 1
CT-3
F3 1200 A 1 A 1
CT-4
F4 3200 A 1 A 2
CT-5
F5 1200 A 5 A 2
CT-6
F6 5000 A 5 A 2
For Zone 1, 1 p.u. = 3200 AP
For Zone 2, 1 p.u. = 5000 AP
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Configuration of Bus Zone
Dynamic Bus Replica associates a status signal with each
current in the Bus Differential Zone
Status signal can be any logic operand
o Status signals can be developed in programmable logic
to provide additional checks or security as required
o Status signal can be set to ON if current is always in the
bus zone or OFF if current is never in the bus zone
CT connections/polarities for a particular bus zone must be
properly configured in the relay, via either hardwire or
software
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Configuring the Bus Differential Zone
1. Configure the physical CT Inputs
o CT Primary and Secondary values
o Both 5 A and 1 A inputs are supported by the UR hardware
o Ratio compensation done automatically for CT ratio differences up to 32:1
2. Configure AC Signal Sources
3. Configure Bus Zone with Dynamic Bus Replica
Bus Zone settings defines the boundaries of the Differential
Protection and CT Trouble Monitoring.
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Dual Percent Differential Characteristic
High
Breakpoint
Low
Breakpoint
Low Slope
High Slope
High Set
(Unrestrained)
Min Pickup
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Calculating Bus Differential Settings
The following Bus Zone Differential element parameters need to be set:
o Differential Pickup
o Restraint Low Slope
o Restraint Low Break Point
o Restraint High Breakpoint
o Restraint High Slope
o Differential High Set (if needed)
All settings entered in per unit (maximum CT primary in the zone)
Slope settings entered in percent
Low Slope, High Slope and High Breakpoint settings are used by the CT
Saturation Detector and define the Region 1 Area (2-out-of-2 operation
with Directional)
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Calculating Bus Differential Settings
Minimum Pickup
Defines the minimum differential current required for
operation of the Bus Zone Differential element
Must be set above maximum leakage current not zoned off
in the bus differential zone
May also be set above maximum load conditions for added
security in case of CT trouble, but better alternatives exist
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Calculating Bus Differential Settings
Low Slope
Defines the percent bias for the restraint currents from
I
REST
=0 to I
REST
=Low Breakpoint
Setting determines the sensitivity of the differential element
for low-current internal faults
Must be set above maximum error introduced by the CTs in
their normal linear operating mode
Range: 15% to 100% in 1%. increments
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Calculating Bus Differential Settings
Low Breakpoint
Defines the upper limit to restraint currents that will be
biased according to the Low Slope setting
Should be set to be above the maximum load but not more
than the maximum current where the CTs still operate
linearly (including residual flux)
Assumption is that the CTs will be operating linearly (no
significant saturation effects up to 80% residual flux) up to
the Low Breakpoint setting

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Calculating Bus Differential Settings
High Breakpoint
Defines the minimum restraint currents that will be biased
according to the High Slope setting
Should be set to be below the minimum current where the
weakest CT will saturate with no residual flux
Assumption is that the CTs will be operating linearly (no
significant saturation effects up to 80% residual flux) up to
the Low Breakpoint setting
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Calculating Bus Differential Settings
High Slope
Defines the percent bias for the restraint currents I
REST
High
Breakpoint
Setting determines the stability of the differential element
for high current external faults
Traditionally, should be set high enough to accommodate
the spurious differential current resulting from saturation
of the CTs during heavy external faults
Setting can be relaxed in favour of sensitivity and speed as
the relay detects CT saturation and applies the directional
principle to prevent maloperation
Range: 50% to 100% in 1%. increments
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Calculating Unrestrained Bus Differential
Settings
Defines the minimum differential current for unrestrained
operation
Should be set to be above the maximum differential current
under worst case CT saturation
Range: 2.00 to 99.99 p.u. in 0.01 p.u. increments
Can be effectively disabled by setting to 99.99 p.u.
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Dual Percent Differential Characteristic
High
Breakpoint
Low
Breakpoint
Low Slope
High Slope
High Set
(Unrestrained)
Min Pickup
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Protecting re-configurable buses
Reconfigurable Buses
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Protecting re-configurable buses
Reconfigurable Buses
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Protecting re-configurable buses
Reconfigurable Buses
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Protecting re-configurable buses
Reconfigurable Buses
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Isolators
Reliable Isolator Closed signals are needed for the Dynamic
Bus Replica
In simple applications, a single normally closed contact may
be sufficient
For maximum safety:
o Both N.O. and N.C. contacts should be used
o Isolator Alarm should be established and non-valid combinations
(open-open, closed-closed) should be sorted out
o Switching operations should be inhibited until bus image is recognized
with 100% accuracy
o Optionally block 87B operation from Isolator Alarm
Each isolator position signal decides:
o Whether or not the associated current is to be included in the
differential calculations
o Whether or not the associated breaker is to be tripped
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Isolator Typical Open/Closed
Connections
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Isolator Open
Auxiliary
Contact

Isolator Closed
Auxiliary
Contact

Isolator Position

Alarm

Block Switching

Off

On

CLOSED

No

No

Off

Off

LAST VALID

After time delay
until
acknowledged

Until Isolator
Position is valid

On

On

CLOSED

On

Off

OPEN

No

No

NOTE: Isolator monitoring function may be a built-in feature or user-
programmable in low impedance bus differential digital relays

Switch Status Logic and Dyanamic Bus
Replica
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Differential Zone CT Trouble
Each Bus Differential Zone may a dedicated CT Trouble
Monitor
Definite time delay overcurrent element operating on the
zone differential current, based on the configured Dynamic
Bus Replica
Three strategies to deal with CT problems:
1. Trip the bus zone as the problem with a CT will likely
evolve into a bus fault anyway
2. Do not trip the bus, raise an alarm and try to correct
the problem manually
3. Switch to setting group with 87B minimum pickup
setting above the maximum load current.

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Strategies 2 and 3 can be accomplished by:
Using undervoltage supervision to ride through the period
from the beginning of the problem with a CT until declaring a
CT trouble condition
Using an external check zone to supervise the 87B function
Using CT Trouble to prevent the Bus Differential tripping (2)
Using setting groups to increase the pickup value for the 87B
function (3)
Differential Zone CT Trouble
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Differential Zone CT Trouble Strategy #2
Example
CT Trouble operand is used to rise an alarm
The 87B trip is inhibited after CT Trouble
element operates
The relay may misoperate if an external fault
occurs after CT trouble but before the CT trouble
condition is declared (double-contingency)
87B operates
Undervoltage condition
CT OK
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Example Architecture for Large Busbars
Dual (redundant) fiber with
3msec delivery time between
neighbouring IEDs. Up to 8
relays in the ring
Phase A AC signals and
trip contacts
Phase B AC signals and
trip contacts
Phase C AC signals and
trip contacts
Digital Inputs for isolator
monitoring and BF
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Phase A AC signals wired
here, bus replica configured
here
Phase B AC signals wired
here, bus replica configured
here
Phase C AC signals wired
here, bus replica configured
here

Auxuliary switches wired here;
Isolator Monitoring function
configured here
Example Architecture Dynamic Bus
Replica and Isolator Position
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
1-Nov-14
Phase A AC signals wired
here, current status
monitored here
Phase B AC signals wired
here, current status
monitored here
Phase C AC signals wired
here, current status
monitored here

Breaker Failure
elements configured
here
Example Architecture BF Initiation &
Current Supervision
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GE Consumer & Industrial
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Phase A AC signals wired
here, current status
monitored here
Phase B AC signals wired
here, current status
monitored here
Phase C AC signals wired
here, current status
monitored here

Breaker Fail Op command
generated here and send to trip
appropriate breakers
Trip
Trip
Trip
Example Architecture Breaker Failure
Tripping
Trip
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GE Consumer & Industrial
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IEEE 37.234
Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Power
System Buses is currently being revised by the K14
Working Group of the IEEE Power System Relaying
Committee.
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GE Consumer & Industrial
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