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The document discusses various types of brain injuries and disorders. It describes how strokes, aneurysms, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and different types of amnesia such as anterograde and retrograde amnesia can impact brain function and memory in different ways depending on the location and severity of damage to areas of the brain. Specific language disorders like Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia that result from damage to different language processing areas are also examined in terms of their characteristic speech and comprehension impairments.
The document discusses various types of brain injuries and disorders. It describes how strokes, aneurysms, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and different types of amnesia such as anterograde and retrograde amnesia can impact brain function and memory in different ways depending on the location and severity of damage to areas of the brain. Specific language disorders like Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia that result from damage to different language processing areas are also examined in terms of their characteristic speech and comprehension impairments.
The document discusses various types of brain injuries and disorders. It describes how strokes, aneurysms, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and different types of amnesia such as anterograde and retrograde amnesia can impact brain function and memory in different ways depending on the location and severity of damage to areas of the brain. Specific language disorders like Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia that result from damage to different language processing areas are also examined in terms of their characteristic speech and comprehension impairments.
head injury, stroke, bacterial diseases, complex chemical imbalances, and changes associated with aging. Can initiate a cascade of damaging events. After a blow to the head, a person may be stunned or may become unconscious for a moment. This injury, called a concussion, usually leaves no permanent damage. If blow is more severe and hemorrhage (excessive bleeding) and swelling occur, however, severe headache, dizziness, paralysis, a convulsion, or temporary blindness may result, depending on the area of the brain affected. Paul Broca was a French neuroanatomist who discovered the area of the brain referred to as Brocas area in 1861 based on a series of consultations with an aphasic gentleman called Tan. The patient was called Tan because tan was all the patient could say. After Tan died, Broca performed an autopsy of his brain and found that there was an area of damage in the left hemisphere. This specific location in the left hemisphere of the brain (towards the back and bottom of the frontal lobe) became known as Brocas area. Aphasia is caused by damage to one or more of the language areas of the brain. Many times, the cause of the brain injury is a stroke. A stroke occurs when blood is unable to reach a part of the brain. Brain cells die when they do not receive their normal supply of blood, which carries oxygen and important nutrients. Other causes of brain injury are severe blows to the head, brain tumors, brain infections, and other conditions of the brain. Damage to Broca's area results in Broca's aphasia. Produces both comprehension and production deficits. 1. Long pauses between words or also called as dysprosody.
2. Agrammatism is the tendency to omit function words as well as endings such as -ed in indicating past tense. Function words are words which tie sentences together: the, of, is, by, a, etc. Individuals with Brocas aphasia are able to understand the speech of others to varying degrees. Because of this, they are often aware of their difficulties and can become easily frustrated by their speaking problems. Individuals with Brocas aphasia often have right-sided weakness or paralysis of the arm and leg because the frontal lobe is also important for body movement.
3. Some sound changes, simplification of consonant clusters: It's hard to eat with a spoon is pronounced as har eat wit poon 4. Frustration. They know there's something wrong.
In contrast to Brocas aphasia, damage to the temporal lobe may result in a fluent aphasia that is called Wernickes aphasia. Individuals with Wernickes aphasia may speak in long sentences that have no meaning, add unnecessary words, and even create new words. For example, someone with Wernickes aphasia may say, You know that smoodle pinkered and that I want to get him round and take care of him like you want before, meaning The dog needs to go out so I will take him for a walk. Individuals with Wernickes aphasia usually have great difficulty understanding speech and are therefore often unaware of their mistakes. These individuals usually have no body weakness because their brain injury is not near the parts of the brain that control movement.
A stroke is an event where the whole or partial functioning of the brain is affected. A stroke could be ischemic in nature, due to an obstruction in the vessels or hemorrhagic in nature, due to bleeding in to the brain cranial cavity. The obstruction may be due to a clot formed outside traveling to the vessels of the brain or a clot formed within the premises of the brain. An aneurysm is the abnormal widening of an artery, anywhere, due to the weakness in the wall of that vessel. The locations for these aneurysms are the abdominal aorta, the cerebral vessels, poplitial arteries, etc. These dilatations continue to grow and when they go beyond the 5.5 cm diameter level, there is a high probability of a rupture leading to bleeding. Is a term characterized by seizures, or convulsions and is usually caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain. Alzheimer's is a type of dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior. DEMENTIA - is a general term for a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, where dementia symptoms gradually worsen over a number of years. In its early stages, memory loss is mild, but with late-stage Alzheimer's, individuals lose the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to their environment. Amnesia is the general term for a condition in which memory (either stored memories or the process of committing something to memory) is disturbed or lost, to a greater extent than simple everyday forgetting or absent-mindedness. Amnesia may result either from organic or neurological causes (damage to the brain through physical injury, neurological disease or the use of certain drugs), or from functional or psychogenic causes (psychological factors, such as mental disorder, post-traumatic stress or psychological defence mechanisms). Anterograde amnesia (where the ability to memorize new things is impaired or lost because data does not transfer successfully from the conscious short-term memory into permanent long-term memory.
Here the patient is unable to recollect events, that occur after the onset of the amnesia, for more than a few minutes. In other words, in these patients, recent events are not transferred to long-term memory. In this form of amnesia the affected individual will be unable to recollect events that occurred before the amnesia set in. The condition is caused either by disease or a brain injury especially in areas linked with episodic memorythe hippocampus and the median temporal lobes.