BSNL

ALTTC
OFC faculty 1
Over view of OF
Communication
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ALTTC
OFC faculty 2
1790: OPTICAL TELEGRAPH DEVISED BY CLAUDE CHAPPE.
1880: ALEXANDER GRAHEM BELL INVENTED THE PHOTOPHONE.
1940s: OPTICAL GUIDES WITH REFLECTIVE COATING TO CARRY
VISIBLE LIGHT.
1960: INVENTION OF LASER-THE FIRST MAJOR BREAK
THROUGH IN FIBER OPTIC TECHNOLOGY.
UNGUIDED (NON FIBER) COMMNS. SYSTEMS WERE DEVELOPED
AFTER LASER DISCOVERY.
1966 onwards: DEVELOPMENT OF OPTICL FIBERS BY
COMPANIES LIKE CORNING GLASS (VERY HIGH LOSS).
IN 1970, LOW LOSS FIBER WAS DEVELOPED AND FIBER OPTICAL
COMMNS. SYSTEM BECAME PRACTICAL. IT WAS OPERATED AT
WAVE-LENGTH AROUND 820 nm AND ATTENUATION OF 1db/km.
NOW FIBERS WITH LOSSES OF ONLY A FRACTION OF A db/km
ARE AVAILABLE (0.15-0.35 db/km).
HISTORICAL
PERSEPECTIVE(1)
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ALTTC
OFC faculty 3
High information carrying capacity:
A valid comparison would be on the basis of cost per meter per
telephone channel, rather than just cost per meter.
Resource plentiful:
The basic materials are either silicon dioxide for glass fibers or
transparent plastic which are plentiful
Less attenuation:
A typical fibre attenuation is 0.3 dB/km. Whereas a coaxial
cable (RG-19/U) will attenuate a 100-Mz signal by 22.6 dB/km.
Greater safety:
Optic fibers glass/plastic, are insulators. No electric current
flows through them.

ADVANTAGES OF FIBRE
COMMUNICATIONS (1)
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ALTTC
OFC faculty 4
Immunity to RFI:
Fibers have excellent rejection of radio-frequency interference
(RFI) caused by radio and television stations, radar, and other
electronics equipment.
Immunity to EMI:
Fibres have excellent rejection of electromagnetic interference
(EMI caused by natural phenomena such as lighting, sparking,
etc).
No cross-talk:
The optic wave within the fiber is trapped; none leaks out during
transmission to interfere with signals in other fibers.
Higher Security:
fibers offer higher degree of security and privacy.
Advantages of fibre
communications (2)
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OFC faculty 5
Small size and light weight:
typical optical cable; fiber dia. 125m, cable dia. 2.5
mm and weight 6 kg/km. A coaxial cable (RG-19/U),
outer dia. 28.4 mm, and weight 1110 kg/km.
Corrosion :
Corrosion caused by water/chemicals is less severe
for glass than for copper.
Less temperatures sensitive:
Glass fibers can with stand extreme temperatures
before deteriorating Temperatures up to 800 C leave
glass fiber unaffected.



Advantages of fibre communications
(3)
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ALTTC
OFC faculty 6
Telecommunications:
Long-Distance Telecommunications:
Inter-exchange junction:
Fibre in the loop (FITL):
Video Transmission:
Television broadcast, cable television (CATV), remote monitoring, etc.
Broadband Services:
provisioning of broadband services, such as video request service,
home study courses, medical facilities, train timetables, etc.
High EMI areas:
Along railway track, through power substations can be suspended
directly from power line towers, or poles.
Military applications:
Non-communication fiber optic:
eg.fiber sensors.

Application of fibre optic
communications
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ALTTC
OFC faculty 7
Ray Theory:
A number of optic phenomena are adequately explained by
considering light as narrow rays.
The theory based on this approach is called geometrical optics.
These rays obey a few simple rules:
1. In a vacuum, rays travel at a velocity of c =3x10
8
m/s. In any
other medium, rays travel at a slower speed, given by
v = c/n n =refractive index of the medium.
2. Rays travel straight paths, unless deflected by some change in
medium.
3. If any power crosses the boundary, the transmitted ray direction
is given by Snells law:
n1 sin i = n2 sin r




Optic review
BSNL
ALTTC
OFC faculty 8
INCIDENT RAYS 1
REFLECTED RAYS
REFRACTED RAYS
1
1
3
2
2
3
n2
r
i
Principal Of Total Internal Reflection
n1 = 1.48
n2 = 1.46
n1
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ALTTC
OFC faculty 9
The Optical Fibre
Cladding
125 m Core
6-10 m
Refractive index
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ALTTC
OFC faculty 10

Light Propagation in fibre
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ALTTC
OFC faculty 11

Light Propagation in fibre
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OFC faculty 12
3
2
1
3
2
1

Light Propagation in fibre
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OFC faculty 13
3
2
1
3
2
1

Light Propagation in fibre
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ALTTC
OFC faculty 14
Air 1.0
Carbon dioxide 1.0
Water 1.33
Ethyl alcohol 1.36
Magnesium fluoride 1.38
Fused silica 1.46
Polymethyl methacrylate polymer 1.5
Glass 1.54
Sodium chloride 1.59
Zinc sulfide 2.3
Gallium arsenide 3.35
Silicon 3.5
Indium gallium arsenide phoshide 3.51
Aluminium gallium arsenide 3.6
Germanium 4.0
Index of Refraction materials

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ALTTC
OFC faculty 15
Wave Nature of Light :
Many light phenomena can be explained by realizing that light is
an electromagnetic wave having a very high oscillation
frequencies.
The wavelength of light beam:
= v/f
v = beam velocity
f = its frequency.
Particle Nature of light :
Sometimes light behaves as though it were made up of very small
particles called photons. The energy of a single photon is:
Wp = hf joules
h = 6.626 x 10
-34
j x s is Plancks constant..
f = frequency.
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ALTTC
OFC faculty 16
Visible wavelengths :
0.4 m (red)
Silica glass fiber
attenuates light
heavily in visible &
UV regions.
Glass fiber is
relatively efficient in
infrared region.
Three window of
operation are at
0.85, 1.3 and 1.55
m.

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1
POWER
RADIO
MICROWAVE
ULTRAVIOLET
INFRARED
Electromagnetic Spectrum :

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ALTTC
OFC faculty 17
Basic Fibre
core with RI n1
supported by
concentric
cladding layer with
RI n2.
RI of core is
greater than
cladding (n1 > n2).
The cladding layer
is surrounded by
one or more
protective coating.
Change in RI is
achieved by
selectively doping
the glass perform.
Construction of Optical Fibre
Cable
CORE
CLADDING
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ALTTC
OFC faculty 18
Cabling is to protect the fiber during transportation, installation &
operation.
Cabling protects the optical fibres from mechanical damage and
environmental degradation.
Resembles conventional metal cables externally.
There are a variety of cable design available and irrespective of their
design fibre optic cables have the following parts in common :
Buffer : to protect fibre from outside stress; materials used - nylon, or
plastic.
Strength member ; to reduce stress due to pulling, shearing, and
bending; materials used-textile fiibres (kevlar), or steel.
Cable filling compound: to prevent moisture intrusion and migration
in the cable.
Cable jacket : to protect the fibre against cut and abrasion; material
used-polyethylene polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride or teflon.

Cabling of Optical Fibre :
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OFC faculty 19
Material Classification
Allfused-silica-glass fibre: have silica-core and silica-cladding.
Plasti-clad-silica (PCS) fibre: have silica core and plastic cladding.
All-plastic fibre : have both core and cladding made up of plastic.
Compound glass fibre such as fluride glass fibre.
Modal classification :
Similar to metallic wave guides, there are stable propagation states of
electromagnetic waves in an optical fibre called modes.
Fibers can be classified based on number of modes available for
propagation : - single-mode (SM) fibre.
- Multi-mode (MM) fibre.
Classification based on refractive index profile :
step index (SI)
Graded index (GRIN) fibre.

CLASSIFICATION OF OPTICAL
FIBRE
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ALTTC
OFC faculty 20
2a
2a
2a
8 - 12 m 125 m
50 - 100m 125-400m
50 m 100-400m
C) Multi mode GRIN fiber
b) Multi mode step-index fiber
a) Single mode step-index fiber
Classification of Optical Fibre
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ALTTC
OFC faculty 21
- 190 THz
OH
-
OH
-

OH
-

Cut - off wave length
for single - mode
fibre
- 50 THz
Wavelength (m.)
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
0









1








2













3









4













5

First Window
Second Window
Third Window
Fourth Window
Window Concept in Spectrum
of Optical Fiber
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OFC faculty 22
soil categorization : ( for depth of trench )
(A) Rocky : Cable trench, where can not be dug without blasting
and/or chiseling.
(B) Non Rocky : Other than A above, soil mixed with stone and soft
rock.
Pipes for cable laying
Advantage for using pipes -1.It gives mechanical protection
2.Pipes can be laid in advance so that
the cable laying is faster
(1) HDPE pipe 75 mm (diameter) length 5m. (approx 18 to 20 )
(2) HDPE pipe 50 mm (diameter) length 5m. (approx 18 to 20 )
(3) PLP pipe (40 mm. outer diameter ) length 1km/200m
Laying of cable
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OFC faculty 23
Now manual laying method is discoursed due to expensive
, time consuming and due to safety consideration.
Now for digging JCB machines are preferred.
Air blowing method by using Pressure machine is used
for cable laying.
BSNL
ALTTC
OFC faculty 24
There are several points in an optic system where losses occur.
These are: coupler, splices, connectors and the fiber itself.
Losses associated within the fiber classified as under:
Losses due to absorption. Even the purest glass will absorb heavily
within specific wavelength regions. Other major source of loss is
impurities like, metal ions and OH ions.
Losses due to scattering: caused due to localized variations in density,
called Rayleigh scattering and the loss is:
L = 1.7(0.85/)
4
dB/km
is in micrometers
Losses due to geometric effect:
micro-bending.
macro-bending.
Losses in Optical Fiber
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ALTTC
OFC faculty 25
OTDR is used for measurement of splice loss/ fiber loss in a section.
Optical power meter is used to know total loss of terminated cable
section.
(General Analysis of OTDR Plot)
FRESNEL REFLECTIONS
LOSS

(db)
SPLICE
CONNECTOR
DISTANCE (KM)
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ALTTC
OFC faculty 26
A basic comm. System consists of : a transmitter, a
receiver, & a medium.
Optical Transmitters:
convert electrical signals to optical.
Receivers:
convert optical signal to electrical.
The basic elements in transmitters: Electronic
interfaces, Electronics processing circuitry, Drive
circuitry, light source, optical interfaces, output sensing
and stabilization, Temperature sensing and control.
The basic elements in an optical receiver: Detector,
Amplifier, Decision circuits.
Basic Fibre Optic
Communications
Ligh t
source
ELECTRICAL
SIGNAL
SIGNAL
ELECTRICAL
TRANSMITTER MEDIUM RECIEVER
Ligh t
sansor
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OFC faculty 27
The device which actually converts electrical signals to its optical
equipment.
Most common light sources:
light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (laser)
diodes.
It is particularly required in lasers to maintain stable output power
by way of feedback mechanism.
Laser is very sensitive to temperature. Operating characteristics of
a semiconductor laser-notably threshold, current, output power,
and wavelength change with temperature. Hence temperature
sensing and control is required to maintain stable temperature.
Optical Sources
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OFC faculty 28
The detectors used in fibre optic communications are
semiconductor photodiodes or photodetectors.
It converts the received optical signal into electrical
form.
Pin photodiode; cheaper, less temperature
sensitive, and requires lower reverse bias voltage.
Aavalanche photodiode APD); used where
receiver is to detect lower power,

DETECTORS
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OFC faculty 29
Power budget: for a link to be feasible.
Source Transmitting Power
Less
coupling Loss to fibre + Connectors Losses + Fibre Loss +
Splicing Loss
Maintenance Margin Receiver Sensitivity
System Design
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OFC faculty 30
System Considerations
* number of circuits * Transmission Distance
* Upgradability
Sources
* Wavelength
* Line Width
* Rise Time
Cable network
* Route Loss
* Route BW
* Network Flexibility

LED LASER
PIN APD
Fibre Network Fiber
Loss Topology Bandwidth

Detectors
* Responsivity
* Dark Current
* Gain
APD PIN
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ALTTC
OFC faculty 31
Thank You