Transmission Media

Transmission is the process of transporting information

between end points of a system or network.
Transmission systems may use copper cable, optical
cable, or radio channels to interconnect far-end and
near-end equipment.
11/3/14 1
Transmission Media

Guided

Twisted Pair

Cable

iber

Medium more important than the signal

!nguided

"tmosphere

#uter $pace

$ignal more important than the medium

11/3/14 2
$pectrum for
telecommunications
11/3/14 3
Twisted Pair

Two insulated copper wires in a spiral

%umber of pairs are bundled together

Twisting decreases crosstalk

Most common form for analog and digital

!sed in telephone system

$ubscriber loops

rom a person&s home to the local o'ce of the

phone company

("%$

)*Mbps with newer at )**Mbps

11/3/14 4
Twisted pair

(ong +istance

, Mbps

-$+% . -ntegrated $er/ices +igital %etwork

+igital

0epeaters required e/ery 1 .2 kilometers

"nalog

"mpli3ers required e/ery 4-5 kilometers

6andwidth of 14*789, carry a few /oice

channels

$usceptible to noise, shielded (STP) and

unshielded (UTP).

Compared to optical and coa: twisted pair

is limited in bandwidth, distance, and data
rate
11/3/14 5
11/3/14 6
Parallel lines are often used as
part of antenna arrays. Ordinary
television twinlead, is an exaple
of a parallel transission line!
"i#ure $a%.
Parallel lines &an 'e s(ielded to
redu&e interferen&e pro'les, as
illustrated
in "i#ure $'%.
Coa:ial Cable

8ollow outer cylindrical conductor

surrounding a single /iew

Most /ersatile of mediums, used for

T;, long distance telephone,and
("%&$
11/3/14 )
11/3/14 *
Coa:ial Cable

Part of long distance telephone network

<ith +M can carry o/er )*,*** /oice channels

Transmits both analog and digital signals

requency characteristics superior to twisted pair

(ess susceptible to noise

or long distance

"mpli3ers needed e/ery few kilometers

0epeaters needed e/ery kilometer or so

11/3/14 +
11/3/14 1,
"or &oaxial &a'le, t(e &(ara&teristi&
ipedan&e is #iven 'y-
Coaxial Cable Applications
#ptical 3ber

Thin, =e:ible light passing material

made from glass or plastic

Grouped into cables

11/3/14 11
#ptical 3ber

6etter than coa:ial cable or twisted pair

+ata rates of 1Gbps o/er )*&s of 7m

(ight weight . good for buildings

(ower attenuation than coa: or twisted

%ot e>ected by e:treme electromagnetic 3elds

Crosstalk and impulse

;ery di'cult to tap . good security

"pplications

(ong 8aul trunks, metro trunks, rural e:change

trunks, more recently beginning to displace
twisted pair in subscriber loops and in ("%$
11/3/14 12
#ptical iber

#perates in range )*
),
to )*
)4
89

-nfrared and /isible spectrum

Multimode

;ariety of angles of light will re=ect and propagate

$ingle Mode

0adius of the core ? order of a wa/elength

#nly single angle passes

$uperior performance

Two di>erent light sources . both emit light when

/oltage applied

(@+ . (ight @mitting +iode . less costly, longer life

-(+ - -nAection (aser +iode . greater data rate

11/3/14 13
11/3/14 14
11/3/14 15
<ireless

"ntennae

+irectional

ocused @M beam

The higher frequency the more focused

#mnidirectional

(ower frequency

$preads out to multiple recei/ers

Three ranges of frequencies

15G89 . ,*G89 --- microwa/e

2* M89 . )G89 --- broadcast radio

2:)*BB)) to 1:)*BB), 89 --- infrared

11/3/14 16
Terrestrial Microwa/e

Parabolic dish

%arrow beam . line of sight on

towers to a/oid obstacles

$eries of towers for long distance

"pplicationsC

(ong haul telephone

;oice and T;

$hort point to point between

buildings

Main $ource of loss

"ttentuation . especially with

rainful

0epeaters or ampli3ers )* to
)**km

-nterference with o/erlapping

bands
11/3/14 1)
$atellite Microwa/e

-t is essentially a microwa/e
relay station

!plink

0ecei/es transmission on
one frequency

+ownlink

Transmits on a second
frequency

#perates on a number of
frequency bands known as
transponders

Point to Point

Ground station to satellite to

ground station

Multipoint

Ground station to satellite to

multiple recei/ing stations 11/3/14 1*
$atellite Microwa/e

$atellite orbit

24,DE, 7m, to match earth

rotation

$tays 3:ed abo/e the

transmitterFrecei/er station
as earth rotates

$atellites need to be separated

by distance

"/oid interference
11/3/14 1+
.ppli&ations
/0, lon# distan&e telep(one, private 'usiness networ1s
Optiu fre2uen&y ran#e 1 1, 345
6elow 1345 results in noise, a'ove 1,345 results in severe
attenuation
6roadcast 0adio

#mnidirectional unlike satellite

+oes not require dish like antennae

requency range

0adio - 2k89 to 2**Gh9

6roadcast radio . 2*M89 to )G89

6roadcast radio

Transmission limited to line of sight

(ess sensiti/e to attenuation from rainfall than

microwa/e

Prime source of interference is multipath

11/3/14 2,
-nfrared

Trancei/ers must be within line of

sight of each other or /ia re=ection

+oes not penetrate walls like

microwa/e

%o frequency allocation or licensing

11/3/14 21
Tugas 7elompok
). Perbandingan ad/antages G disad/antages
antara Guided dan !nguided media
1. Perbandingan karakteristik dari semua guided
media dtinAau dari C
- Harak penguat
- +ata rate
- 6iayaFhargaIusahakan mendapatkan harga
terkiniJ
2. Perbandingan karakteristik dari semua unguided
media dtinAau dari C
- Harak penguat
- +ata rate
- 6iayaFhargaIusahakan mendapatkan harga
terkiniJ
11/3/14 22