MARPOL 73/78

ANNEXE II

OILPOL Convention
The 1954 Convention, which was amended in 1962, 1969 and 1971, primarily addressed
pollution resulting from routine tanker operations and from the discharge of oily wastes
from machinery spaces - regarded as the major causes of oil pollution from ships.

The 1954 OILPOL Convention, which entered into force on 26 July 1958, attempted to
tackle the problem of pollution of the seas by oil - defined as crude oil, fuel oil, heavy diesel
oil and lubricating oil in two main ways:

- it established "prohibited zones" extending at least 50 miles from the nearest land in
which the discharge of oil or of mixtures containing more than 100 parts of oil per million
was forbidden; and
- it required Contracting Parties to take all appropriate steps to promote the provision of
facilities for the reception of oily water and residues.

In 1962, IMO adopted amendments to the Convention which extended its application to
ships of a lower tonnage and also extended the "prohibited zones". Amendments adopted in
1969 contained regulations to further restrict operational discharge of oil from oil tankers
and from machinery spaces of all ships.

Although the 1954 OILPOL Convention went some way in dealing with oil pollution, growth
in oil trade and developments in industrial practices were beginning to make it clear that
further action, was required. Nonetheless, pollution control was at the time still a minor
concern for IMO, and indeed the world was only beginning to wake up to the environmental
consequences of an increasingly industrialised society.

Torrey Canyon
In 1967, the tanker Torrey Canyon ran aground while entering the
English Channel and spilled her entire cargo of 120,000 tons of crude oil
into the sea. This resulted in the biggest oil pollution incident ever
recorded up to that time. The incident raised questions about measures
then in place to prevent oil pollution from ships and also exposed
deficiencies in the existing system for providing compensation following
accidents at sea.

First, IMO called an Extraordinary session of its Council, which drew up a
plan of action on technical and legal aspects of the Torrey Canyon
incident. Then, the IMO Assembly decided in 1969 to convene an
international conference in 1973 to prepare a suitable international
agreement for placing restraints on the contamination of the sea, land
and air by ships.

In the meantime, in 1971, IMO adopted further amendments to OILPOL
1954 to afford additional protection to the Great Barrier Reef of Australia
and also to limit the size of tanks on oil tankers, thereby minimizing the
amount of oil which could escape in the event of a collision or stranding.

1973 Convention
Finally, an international Conference in 1973 adopted the International Convention
for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. While it was recognized that accidental
pollution was spectacular, the Conference considered that operational pollution
was still the bigger threat. As a result, the 1973 Convention incorporated much of
OILPOL 1954 and its amendments into Annex I, covering oil.

But the Convention was also intended to address other forms of pollution from
ships and therefore other annexes covered chemicals, harmful substances carried
in packaged form, sewage and garbage. The 1973 Convention also included two
Protocols dealing with Reports on Incidents involving Harmful Substances and
Arbitration.

The 1973 Convention required ratification by 15 States, with a combined
merchant fleet of not less than 50 percent of world shipping by gross tonnage, to
enter into force. By 1976, it had only received three ratifications - Jordan, Kenya
and Tunisia - representing less than one percent of the world's merchant shipping
fleet. This was despite the fact that States could become Party to the Convention
by only ratifying Annexes I (oil) and II (chemicals). Annexes III to V, covering
harmful goods in packaged form, sewage and garbage, were optional.

It began to look as though the 1973 Convention might never enter into force,
despite its importance.

Annex II:
Regulations for the
Control of Pollution
by Noxious Liquid
Substances in Bulk
In 1978, in response to a spate of tanker accidents in 1976-1977, IMO
held a Conference on Tanker Safety and Pollution Prevention in February
1978. The conference adopted measures affecting tanker design and
operation, which were incorporated into both the Protocol of 1978
relating to the 1974 Convention on the Safety of Life at Sea (1978 SOLAS
Protocol) and the Protocol of 1978 relating to the 1973 International
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (1978 MARPOL
Protocol) - adopted on 17 February 1978.

More importantly in terms of achieving the entry into force of MARPOL,
the 1978 MARPOL Protocol allowed States to become Party to the
Convention by first implementing Annex I (oil), as it was decided that
Annex II (chemicals) would not become binding until three years after
the Protocol entered into force.

This gave States time to overcome technical problems in Annex II, which
for some had been a major obstacle in ratifying the Convention.

As the 1973 Convention had not yet entered into force, the 1978 MARPOL
Protocol absorbed the parent Convention. The combined instrument - the
International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from
Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL
73/78) - finally entered into force on 2 October 1983 (for Annexes I and
II).
Annex II: Control of pollution by noxious liquid substances
Entry into force: 6 April 1987
(Revised Annex II enters into force 1 January 2007)
Annex II details the discharge criteria and measures for the control
of pollution by noxious liquid substances carried in bulk.
Some 250 substances were evaluated and included in the list
appended to the Convention. The discharge of their residues is
allowed only to reception facilities until certain concentrations and
conditions (which vary with the category of substances) are
complied with.
In any case, no discharge of residues containing noxious
substances is permitted within 12 miles of the nearest land. More
stringent restrictions applied to the Baltic and Black Sea areas.
The revised Annex II Regulations for the control of pollution by
noxious liquid substances in bulk includes a new four-category
categorization system for noxious liquid substances. The revised
annex is expected to enter into force on 1 January 2007.

The new categories are:
Category X: Noxious Liquid Substances which, if discharged into the
sea from tank cleaning or deballasting operations, are deemed to present
a major hazard to either marine resources or human health and,
therefore, justify the prohibition of the discharge into the marine
environment;
Category Y: Noxious Liquid Substances which, if discharged into the
sea from tank cleaning or deballasting operations, are deemed to present
a hazard to either marine resources or human health or cause harm to
amenities or other legitimate uses of the sea and therefore justify a
limitation on the quality and quantity of the discharge into the marine
environment;
Category Z: Noxious Liquid Substances which, if discharged into the
sea from tank cleaning or deballasting operations, are deemed to present
a minor hazard to either marine resources or human health and therefore
justify less stringent restrictions on the quality and quantity of the
discharge into the marine environment; and
Other Substances: substances which have been evaluated and found
to fall outside Category X, Y or Z because they are considered to present
no harm to marine resources, human health, amenities or other
legitimate uses of the sea when discharged into the sea from tank
cleaning of deballasting operations. The discharge of bilge or ballast
water or other residues or mixtures containing these substances are not
subject to any requirements of MARPOL Annex II.

The revised annex includes a number of other significant changes.
Improvements in ship technology, such as efficient stripping
techniques, has made possible significantly lower permitted
discharge levels of certain products which have been incorporated
into Annex II. For ships constructed on or after 1 January 2007 the
maximum permitted residue in the tank and its associated piping
left after discharge will be set at a maximum of 75 litres for
products in categories X, Y and Z - compared with previous limits
which set a maximum of 100 or 300 litres, depending on the
product category.

Alongside the revision of Annex II, the marine pollution hazards of
thousands of chemicals have been evaluated by the Evaluation of
Hazardous Substances Working Group, giving a resultant GESAMP2
Hazard Profile which indexes the substance according to its bio-
accumulation; bio-degradation; acute toxicity; chronic toxicity;
long-term health effects; and effects on marine wildlife and on
benthic habitats.

As a result of the hazard evaluation process and the new categorization
system, vegetable oils which were previously categorized as being
unrestricted will now be required to be carried in chemical tankers. The
revised Annex includes, under regulation 4 Exemptions, provision for the
Administration to exempt ships certified to carry individually identified
vegetable oils, subject to certain provisions relating to the location of the
cargo tanks carrying the identified vegetable oil.
Transport of vegetable oils
An MEPC resolution on Guidelines for the transport of vegetable oils in
deep tanks or in independent tanks specially designed for the carriage of
such vegetable oils on board dry cargo ships allows general dry cargo
ships that are currently certified to carry vegetable oil in bulk to continue
to carry these vegetable oils on specific trades. The guidelines also take
effect on 1 January 2007.

Consequential amendments to the IBC Code
Consequential amendments to the International Bulk Chemical Code (IBC
Code) were also adopted at the session, reflecting the changes to
MARPOL Annex II. The amendments incorporate revisions to the
categorization of certain products relating to their properties as potential
marine pollutants as well as revisions to ship type and carriage
requirements following their evaluation by the Evaluation of Hazardous
Substances Working Group.
Ships constructed after 1986 carrying substances identified in chapter 17
of the IBC Code must follow the requirements for design, construction,
equipment and operation of ships contained in the Code.

Amendments to BCH Code
Amendments to the Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships
Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (BCH Code) were adopted as a
consequence of the revised Annex II of MARPOL 73/78 and the amended
International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships carrying
Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code), which are expected to enter
into force on 1 January 2007. The MEPC also adopted a resolution on
Early and Effective Application of the 2006 amendments to the BCH Code
to invite MARPOL Parties to consider the application of the amendments
to the BCH Code, as soon as practically possible, to ships entitled to fly
their flag. Also adopted were the revised Guidelines for the provisional
assessment of liquids transported in bulk. In this context the Committee
urged industry, in particular the chemical industry, to provide information
on the revision of List 2 of the MEPC circular which contains pollutant-
only mixtures based on section 5 of the revised Guidelines.
MARPOL 73/78
REG 1 : definition
REGULATION 2 :Application
Regulation 3 :CATEGORIZATION and
listing of noxious liquid substances
Regulation 4: other liquid substances.
Regulation 5 Discharge of noxious liquid
substances
Regulation 5A pumping , piping and
unloading arrangements

Regulations 6 : exceptions
Regulations 7 : reception facilities and cargo
unloading terminal arrangements
Regulation 8 : measures of control
Regulation 9 : cargo record book
Regulation 10 : Surveys.
Regulation 11 : issue of endorsement of
certificate
Regulation 12 : duration and validity of
certificate
Regulation 12A: surveys and certification of
chemical tankers
Regulation 13 : requirements for minimizing
accidental pollution
Regulation 14 : Carriage and discharge of Oil
like substances
Regulation 15 : port state control on operational
requirements
Regulation 16 : shipboard marine pollution
emergency plan for noxious liquid substances
Appendices to annexe II :
Appendix one : guidelines for the categorization
of noxious liquid substances
Appendix II: list of noxious substances carried in
bulk
Appendix 3 : list of other liquid
substances.
Appendix 4 : form of cargo record book
for ships carrying noxious liquid
substances in bulk.
Appendix 5 : form of NLS certificate
Unified interpretations of Annexe two.
Appendix guidelines for the application of
amendments to the list of substances in
annexe two Marpol 73 /78 and in the IBC
code and the BCH code with respect to
pollution hazards

Standards for procedures and arrangements for the
discharge of noxious liquid substances are required by
Regulation 5 , 5A, 8.
Appendix A assessment of residue quantities in cargo
tanks, pumps and piping.
Appendix B : prewash procedures for ships built before
first July 1994
Revised
Appendix B: prewash procedures for new ships built
after 1 July 1994.
Appendix c : ventilation procedures
Appendix d: standard format for the procedure and
arrangements Manual.
Pollution prevention : Transport of chemicals by tankers may
involve dangers for the ships and their crew. Besides
dangers exists for the surrounding environment if
compounds escape during transport .example in the case of
accidents . If this happens near densely populated areas.
The effects will be very clear
The ocean is populated with organisms and their
continued existence is depending on each other and the
ocean . Pollution of their environment often means a
disturbance of their continued existence is depending on
each other and the Ocean.
Pollution of the environment often means a disturbance of
their activities resulting in a decrease of viability . And
finally they die . This means that one chain of the food cycle
is attacked . By accumulation effects and by the ecological :
coherency of the organism in the food cycle, The damage
mostly does not concern only one species in fact the
pollutions are attacking more of the foot cycle so that the
total effect on the eco system will be serious .
Human beings too are part of ecosystems .
Besides direct danger of human toxicological
damage , chemical pollution of the sea an
attack of her essential supplying functions .
a. Food supply
b. Drinking water supply
c. Oxygen production .
The three main ways by which pollutants come
into the sea are carried by water running from
land to sea,direct dumping and draining into
the ocean , atmospheric transport [exchange
of gas,rain , dust, combustion ships .
Marine pollution by chemicals may be caused by
accidental and intentional discharge into the
sea due to following reasons
a. : Collusion and standings
b. Lightning operations
c. tank washing and line flushing
d. Deballasting
e. Overflow from tanks.
f. Leaking hoses or loading arms
g. Equipment failure.
cargoes which represent a major pollution
hazard should not be stowed in contact with
the ships shell plating
International regulations for the control of marine
pollution by cargoes from chemical tankers are
set out in annexe I I of marpol 73 /78.
Regulation for the control of pollution by noxious liquid substances
in bulk
Noxious liquid substances are those which are listed in annexe I I and
the international bulk chemical code which falls into category A ,
B, C, or D.
Category A : noxious liquid substances which if discharged into sea
from tank cleaning or deballasting operations would present a
major hazard to either marine resources or human health or cause
serious harm to amenities or other legitimate uses of the sea and
therefore justify the application of stringent antipollution
measures.
Category B : noxious liquid substances which if discharged into sea
from tank cleaning or Deballasting operations would present a
hazard to either marine resources of human health or cause harm
to amenities or other legitimate uses of the sea and therefore
justify the application of special antipollution measures.
Category C : noxious liquid substances which if discharged into sea
from tank cleaning or deballasting operations would present
minor hazard to either marine resources or human health or cause
Minor harm to amenities or other legitimate uses of the sea and
therefore require special operational conditions .
Category D : noxious liquid substances which if discharged into sea
from tank cleaning of the deballasting operations would present a
recognizable hazard to either marine resources or human health
or minimal harm to amenities or other legitimate uses of the sea
and therefore requires some attention in operational conditions

Guidelines for the Categorization of noxious liquid
substances are given in appendix I of this annexe
Substances which have been evaluated and found not to
harm human health, marine resources and other
legitimate uses of the sea, when discharged into the Sea
from tank cleaning or deballasting operations are called
other liquid substances are included in the appendix I I I
of this annexe and are not subject to the provisions of
this annexe.
Special areas for the purpose of annexe I I are
The Baltic sea area
The antartic sea area
The black sea
Pumping, piping and unloading arrangements:
Every ship built after first July 1986 shall be provided with pumping
And piping arrangements in that category B cargo tank which do
not retain a quantity of cargo >0.1 cu.m in the piping and suction
points under favorable pumping conditions.
Ships built before 1
st
July 1986 shall be provided with pumping and
piping arrangements in a category B cargo tanks which do not
retain a quantity of cargo> 0.3 cu.mtr in the piping and suction
point under favorable pumping conditions or if not until 2
nd
oct 1994
as a minimum not retain a quantity of cargo > 1 cu.mtr/tank or
1/3000 of the tank capacity in cu.mtrs which ever is greater.
Every ship built after 1
st
July 1986 shall be provided with pumping and
piping arrangements in a category c cargo tank which do not retain
a quantity of cargo > 0.3 cu.mtr in the piping and suction point
under favorable pumping conditions.
ship built before 1
st
July 1986 shall be provided with pumping and
piping arrangements in a category c cargo tank which do not retain
a quantity of cargo > 0.9 cu.mtr in the piping and suction point
under favorable pumping conditions or if not until 2
nd
oct 1994 as a
minimum not retain a quantity of cargo > 3 cu.mtr or 1/1000 of the
tank capacity in cu.mtrs which ever is greater.


Ships engaged on restricted voyages are
expected to be endorsed on the I OPP
certificate.
Ships which do not need to ballast cargo tanks
and only need to wash cargo tanks for repairs or
dry-docking may be exempted from the above
requirements if
1.The above effluent is discharged to a shore
reception facility.
2. Design and construction of the ship is approved
for the intended service
3. The IOPP certificate states that each cargo tank
is certified to carry only one named substances
and
4. The ship must carry a suitable operation
manual.(P&A manual)

Exceptions:
Discharge of noxious liquid substances into the sea are
excepted
1.) for the purpose of safety of the ship or saving life at
sea or
2.) from damage to a ship or its equipment provided that
all reasonable precautions have been taken after the spill
to minimize or contain the discharge and owner or
master have not acted recklessly or with the intent to
cause damage or
3.) when substances containing noxious liquid substances
are used for the purpose of cleaning up or minimizing
the damage from pollution. Any such use must be
permitted by the government of the country where the
discharge has taken place.
CARGO RECORD BOOK
Every chemical carrier will have a cargo record book.
It shall be completed on a tank to tank basis whenever
any of the following operations take place onboard a
ship with respect to noxious liquid substances.
Loading of cargo
Internal transfer of cargo
Unloading of cargo
Cleaning of cargo tanks
Ballasting of cargo tanks
Discharge of ballast from cargo tanks
Disposal of residues to reception facilities
Discharge into the sea or removal by ventilation of
residues.
Accidental or exceptional discharges.
Each entry is to be recorded without delay and signed by
the officer concerned and the master of the ship.
When a surveyor appointed by the government to
supervise any operation has inspected a ship he will
make an appropriate entry eg tank cleaning, flushing of
lines.
Cargo record book has to be kept in such a place as to
be readily available for inspection and a copy of any
entry shall be certified by the master, if required for any
judicial proceedings without causing undue delay to ship.
CARGO RECORD BOOK
The IBC code and IOPP certificate
Chemical tankers built after 1
st
July 1986 shall be constructed in accordance with the
international bulk chemical code
Ships other than chemical tankers may carry A,B,C,D substances in accordance with
IMO guidelines to minimize uncontrolled discharge into sea.
Category C or D substances which are oil like as identified by imo may be carried in
an oil tanker if ship complies with Annexe I provisions for product tankers
When all required construction is complete equipment is fitted and the ship is
surveyed, the ship will be issued with an international oil pollution prevention
certificate for the carriage of noxious liquid substance in bulk.
Duration of the certificate is five years subject to annual ,intermediate survey(2 nd or
3
rd
annual survey) ,renewal survey at intervals not exceeding five years also PSC
inspections every six months. Window period for annual/intermediate survey is +- 3
month renewal survey 3months to expiry date. Certificate valid from the date of
completion of survey to a date not exceeding 5 years from the completion of survey
date.
Additional surveys after repairs can be carried out
Surveys are meant to check that no alteration in structure equipments systems
fitting ,arrangements and material are made and they fully comply with annexe ii.
If ship is sailing when the certificate expires, certificate can be extended
until the voyage completes but not more than three months .ship not to
leave port without the new renewed certificate and the validity of that
certificate will be five years from the date of expiry date of old certificate
without extension.
A chemical tanker shall not be permitted to discharge into sea any noxious
liquid substances nor any ballast or tank washing contaminated with such
substances except in certain places and under controlled conditions.
Exceptions to the prohibition
1.) discharge of bilge or ballast water or other residues or mixtures
containing only substances listed .
The discharge of clean or segregated ballast.
The prohibition on the discharge of NLS not apply to discharges made for
securing the safety of the ship or saving life at sea
The discharge into the sea of noxious liquid substances or mixtures
containing such substances resulting from damage to a ship or its
equipment
Provided that all reasonable precautions have been taken after the
occurrence of the damage or discovery of the discharge for the purpose of
preventing or minimizing the discharge.
Except if owner or the master acted either with intent to cause damage or
recklessness and with knowledge that damage would probably result or
The discharge into sea of NLS or mixtures containing such substances
approved by Administration when being used for the purpose of combating
specific pollution incidents in order to minimize the damage from pollution.
Any such discharge shall be subject to the approval of any government in
whose jurisdiction it is contemplated the discharge will occur.
DISCHARGE CRITERIA within special areas
Category A discharge prohibited. All residues tank washings and
contaminated ballast to be discharged to a reception facility until
the concentration of the substance in the effluent is at or below the
concentration prescribed. Any residues then remaining if diluted by
addition of not less than 5% total tank volume of water ,may be
discharged into sea under the following condition.
a.) Ship proceeding at a speed of at least 7 kts
b.) Discharge point is below the water line.
c.) Discharge is made not less than 12n.miles from the nearest land in
water not less than 25 mtrs deep.
Category Y the discharge of all residues ,tank washing and
contaminated ballast is prohibited unless the procedure and
arrangements for discharge have been approved and ensure that
the concentration in the wake astern does not exceed one part per
million and conditions a,b,c above are met
The max quantity of cargo discharged from the tank and
associated piping must not exceed the greater of 1
cu.mtr or 1/3000 of the tank capacity.
Category Z the discharge of all residues ,tank washing
and contaminated ballast is prohibited unless the
procedures and arrangements for discharge have been
approved and ensure that the concentration in the wake
astern does not exceed ten parts per million and
condition a, b, c above are satisfied.
DISCHARGE CRITERIA within special areas
Discharge condition
and concentration
Speed Position of
discharge
Dist.
From
shore
Max quantity
permissible
X
Tanks to be first washed and washings
to be discharged to a shore reception
facility until concentration is<= 0.05%
(0.005% for phosphorous) and the
tank is empty
Enroute @
7 kts if self
propelled
(4kts if not
self
propelled)
Below water line
taking into account
the location of the
sea water intakes
>= 12
miles
from
nearest
land >=
25mtrs
depth
n/a
Y
Procedures and arrangement to ensure
that concentration and rate of
discharge after prewashing is such that
concentration in wake of the ship is <=
1 ppm
Same as
above
Same as above Same as
above
Tank to be prewashed
according to procedures
based on imo standards and
tank washing discharged to
shore reception facility
Z
Procedures and arrangements to
ensure that concentration and rate of
discharge is such that concentration in
the wake of the ship is <= 1 ppm
Same as
above
Same as above Same as
above
Maximum according to
procedure but not exceeding
1 cu.mtrs or 1/3000
whichever is greater.
Other
Substances
Same as for outside special area Same as for
outside
special area

Same as for
outside special area

Same as
for
outside
special
area

Same as for outside special
area

Disc.cr
categor
y
DISCHARGE OF CATEGORY A,B,C AND D SUBSTANCES
WITHIN SPECIAL AREAS
Discharge condition
and concentration
Speed Position of
discharge
Dist.
From
shore
Max quantity
permissible
X
Tanks to be first washed and washings
to be discharged to a shore reception
facility until concentration is<= 0.1%
(0.01% for phosphorous) and the tank
is empty
Enroute @
7 kts if self
propelled
(4kts if not
self
propelled)
Below water line
taking into account
the location of the
sea water intakes
>= 12
miles
from
nearest
land >=
25mtrs
depth
n/a
Y
Procedures and arrangement to ensure
that concentration and rate of
discharge after prewashing is such that
concentration in wake of the ship is <=
1 ppm
Same as
above
Same as above Same as
above
MAX ACCORDING TO
PROCEDURES BUT NOT
EXCEEDING 1 CU.MTRS PER
TANK OR 1/3000 OF TANK
CAPACITY WHICHEVER IS
GREATER
Z
Procedures and arrangements to
ensure that concentration and rate of
discharge is such that concentration in
the wake of the ship is <= 10 ppm
Same as
above
Same as above Same as
above
Maximum according to
procedure but not exceeding
3 cu.mtrs or 1/1000
whichever is greater.
Other
Substances
CONCENTRATION TO BE <=1 PART IN
10 PARTS OF WATER
Same as
above

N/A >= 12
MILES
FROM
NEAREST
LAND

N/A
Disc.cr
categor
y
DISCHARGE OF CATEGORY X, Y, Z & OTHER SUBSTANCES
OUTSIDE SPECIAL AREAS