THE BASICS OF

FIBRE OPTIC

CONTENTS
Introduction
Principle of information transmission
System fundamentals
System components
Cable types
Advantages
Applications
FibreHome DWDM equipment structure

Introduction
What are Optical Fibres?
It is a thin strand of glass (125m) that serves as the transmission
medium for information in the form of light pulses.
Light rays are confined to the axis of the fibre by total internal
reflection and conveyed over long distances with little power losses.
Core: The center of the fiber where the light is transmitted
Cladding: The outside optical layer of the fiber that traps
the light in the core and guides it along - even through
curves
Buffer coating or primary coating: A hard plastic
coating on the outside of the fiber that protects the glass
from moisture or physical damage.





PRINCIPLES OF INFORMATION TRANSMISSION
Communication
Multiplexing
Information carrying capacity

Optical Fibre Theory


PRINCIPLES OF INFORMATION TRANSMISSION
Communication
ENCODING
PROCESS
MODULATED CARRIER
INFORMATION (Vocal cords-Voice / Digital pulses)
CARRIER (Air / Light)
Communication is the process of establishing a link between two points
and passing information between them. (Information is transmitted in the form
of a signal)
Passing of information means: ENCODING . TRANSMISSION . DECODING
Optical Fibre Theory
PRINCIPLES OF INFORMATION TRANSMISSION






MULTIPLEXER

Takes in analog signal
Converts analog to digital. (sampling)
Modulates and transmits it through fiber


Optical Fibre Theory

PRINCIPLES OF INFORMATION TRANSMISSION
DEMULTIPLEXER
Detects the light signal
Amplifies it and convert it back to digital
Demodulates and use to rebuild the analog voice
Fibre Optic
System Fundamentals


ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF A COMMUNICATION LINK
Transmission equipment
Receiving equipment
Optical fibre cable O
O
E
E
Splice
Termination joint
EDFA
Pigtails
Splice
System fundamentals

Multiplexing
WDM- Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
TDM-Time Division Multiplexing
DWDM- Dense Waveform Division
Multiplexing
Time Division Multiplexing
In TDM, the multiplexing takes place in the
time domain. Data streams from several
sources are combined by sending small
slices of data from each input across the
common channel sequentially, in time, in a
specific sequence

Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Light waves with different wavelengths
(colors), are used to carry separate streams
of information, thereby creating several
channels on the same optical fibre.
It allows multiple independent data streams
to be sent over one fibre simultaneously.

Dense Waveform Division
Multiplexing
It effectively creates several virtual fibres in
one physical fibre, each virtual fibre
carrying several channels.
Current Technology utilize up to 100
different channels in SM fibre

Services On DWDM
IP (Internet Protocol) e-mail, video,
multimedia
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) data
SONET/SDH (Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy) voice

System Components
TRANSMITTER
* Source / Modulator / Multiplexer

RECEIVER
* Detector / Amplifier / Demultiplexer

CARRIER MEDIUM
* Optical fibre / Pig tails / Splices (Joints)

REGENERATORS





Fibre Optic
System Fundamentals


SYSTEM COMPONENTS
>TRANSMITTER
* Modulator
Driver
Source
(LED/Laser)
MODULATION CODE:
Method of encoding digital
data for transmission
0 1 0 1 0 0
Fibre Optic
System Fundamentals


SYSTEM COMPONENTS
>TRANSMITTER
* Multiplexer
Ch 3
Ch 1
Ch 5
Ch 6
Ch x
Ch 2
Ch 4
Multiplexing (e.g. TDM or
WDM is the means that allows
several channels to be
transmitted on a single line by
making use of time slots
Fibre Optic
System Fundamentals


SYSTEM COMPONENTS
>RECEIVER
* Detector:
* Amplifier
* Demultiplexer
Ch 3
Ch 1
Ch 5
Ch 6
Ch x
Ch 2
Ch 4
Fibre Optic
System Fundamentals


SYSTEM COMPONENTS
>CARRIER MEDIUM
* Optical fibre
* Pig tails
* Splices
Fibre Optic
System Fundamentals


SYSTEM COMPONENTS
>REGENERATORS (REPEATERS)
O
O
E
E
AMPLIFICATION
Optical Fibre Theory

Optical Fibre Theory
A micron is one one-millionth of a meter
125 microns is 0.005 inches- a bit larger than the typical human hair.
International standard for cladding diameter of fibre optics cable
is 125 microns. This
Allows fibre to sit into connectors
Allows standard tool to be used throughout the industry




SINGLE-MODE

allows only one mode to be transmitted
Low dispersion (spreading of a light pulse as it is transmitted) -
high bandwidth
Transmission over longer distances - low attenuation
Mainly used for long distance telecommunication applications

MULTI-MODE

allows several modes to be transmitted simultaneously
Bigger core allows easier & cheaper light injection
Transmission over shorter distances - higher attenuation &
lower bandwidth
Mainly used for industrial, LAN & video applications


Cable Types
All dielectric self supporting (ADSS )
Optical ground wire (OPGW)
ADLASH
UNDERGROUND
CST
Metal Armored self supporting (MASS)
Cable Types
There are five known techniques to attach fibre to power lines
and they are divided into two categories as follows:
Embedded
OPGW
Externally attached
Wrap technique
AD-lash
ADSS
MASS

ADSS
Small, Lightweight
Non-metallic
Loose tube buffer design
Dry-Water Swellable technology
UV protected

OPGW
Composite earth-wire and embedded fibre
optics cable
ADLASH
ADLASH
Fixed with a special lash band to either the ground wire or phase wire
It is central buffer tube design with up to 48 fibers
The lash band is completely weatherproof and reinforced by glass yarns.
A radio-controlled (or manual) lashing machine winds the band around
the messenger wire and the AD-Lash cable so that the cable is
permanently fixed underneath the phase wire or the ground wire.

UNDERGROUND
CTS
Loose tube buffer design
Mechanical strength
Rodent resistant
Moisture / Chemical barrier
Lightning protection
Corrosion protection
Termination
We terminate fiber optic cable two ways
- with connectors that can mate two fibers to create a
temporary joint and/or connect the fiber to a Multiplexer
e.g. Pick tale
with splices which create a permanent joint between the
two fibers.
Types of splice
Mechanical Splice: A splice where the fibers are aligned
created by mechanical means

Fusion Splice: A splice created by welding or fusing two
fibers together




Connector and Splice Loss Mechanisms

. Loss is minimized when
Two fiber cores are identical
Perfectly aligned
Connectors or splices are properly finished and no dirt is
present.

Connectors and splice
loss are cause by the
following factors
The number of splice
on a given fiber cable
should be minimized
because the more the
splice the greater the
loss on the cable


POWER BUDGET
>Assume all other parameters have been determined
Fibre
RECEIVER TRANSMITTER
Fibre
Splice
Connector
Connector
RECEIVER SENSITIVITY
MARGIN
LINK POWER BUDGET


POWER BUDGET: SYSTEM MARGIN = 3.8 dB
TRANSMITTER OUTPUT POWER 30 X dBm
RECEIVER SENSITIVITY 10 Y dBm
Total available power X Y dBm 20
CABLE LENGTH 60 A km
FIBRE ATTENUATION @ WAVELENGTH 0.22 B dBs/km
Total loss due to cable A B dBs 13.2
LOSS DUE TO CONNECTOR 0.2 C dBs
NUMBER OF CONNECTORS 5 D
Total loss due to connectors C D dBs 1
SPLICE LOSS 0.1 E dBs
NUMBER OF SPLICES 20 F
Total loss due to splices E F dBs 2
Total carrier medium loss: 16.2
Total loss due to carrier medium (A B) + (C D) + (E F) dBs


POWER BUDGET: SYSTEM MARGIN = 2.8 dB (Poor Splices !)
TRANSMITTER OUTPUT POWER 30 X dBm
RECEIVER SENSITIVITY 10 Y dBm
Total available power X Y dBm 20
CABLE LENGTH 60 A km
FIBRE ATTENUATION @ WAVELENGTH 0.22 B dBs/km
Total loss due to cable A B dBs 13.2
LOSS DUE TO CONNECTOR 0.2 C dBs
NUMBER OF CONNECTORS 5 D
Total loss due to connectors C D dBs 1
SPLICE LOSS 0.15 E dBs
NUMBER OF SPLICES 20 F
Total loss due to splices E F dBs 3
Total carrier medium loss: 17.2
Total loss due to carrier medium (A B) + (C D) + (E F) dBs
Optical Fibre Theory


ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBRES

Wide bandwidth (>1THz)
Low loss(attenuation) - beyond 100 km without regenerators
Electromagnetic immunity
Light weight
Small size
Safety - Carries no electricity (Lightning, Explosive environments)
Security

Applications
Broadcast
CATV
High Resolution Imaging
Distance Learning
Teleconferencing
Optical Fibre Applications
Telecommunications
Control Systems and Instrumentation
Military
Security and Surveillance
FiberHome DWDM Equipment
structure
Technology used
DWDM (Dense waveform Division Multiplexing)
Equipment to be deployed
FONST W1600
FonsWeaver 780B
OTNM2000 Network management system
Phase 3 Optical Fiber Network
FONST W1600
Uses the DWDM tech
Channel : 160 (max)
channel rate: 10Gb/s(max)
Total capacity: 10Gb/s-1600Gb/s(1.6Tb/s)
Key building block
Optical Multiplex Terminals (OMT)
Optical Line Amplifier (OLA)
Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (OADM)
Optical Pre-Amplifier (OPA)
Optical Boost Amplifier (OBA)
DWDM Equipment System Design
OPEN SYSTEM DESIGN
Requires SDH terminal equipment have only
G.957/691-compliant optical interface
OTU is added Before WDM device to convert optical
signal of non-standard wavelength (G957-complaint)
into standard(G692-compliant) wavelength.
Suitable for multi-vendor environment
OTU1
OTU2
OTU3
OTU4
OTU2
OTU3
OTU4
OTU1
STM-16
ADM
STM-16
ADM
STM-16
ADM
STM-16
ADM
OTU12
OTU13
OTU14
OTU15 OTU15
OTU12
OTU13
OTU14
OTU16 OTU16
OBA
OPA
STRUCTURE OF OPEN DWDM SYSTEM

INTEGRATED SYSTEM DESIGN

Requires the SDH terminal equipment have G.692-
compliant
SDH and DWDM Equipment must be provided by the
same manufacturer
STM-16
ADM
STM-16
ADM
STM-16
ADM
STM-16
ADM
OPA
OBA
Structure of integrated DWDM system

Service requirements
10GbE(IP)
STM-64---- 10Gb/s
STM-16---- 2.5Gb/s
STM-4 ----- 622Mb/s
STM-1 ----- 155Mb/s (63E1)
E1 ----- 2Mb/s
ATM ------ Data
OTNM 2000/2001
used for fault location
Configuration management
Performance analysis
Automatic analysis of optical path
Main goals to be achieved
Quality and Reliability
To provide requested high level of service
Scalability
Upgrade when necessary
Versatility
To develop new and innovative service without sacrificing the
delivery and quality of the existing service
Manageability
To ensure that service and application run smoothly in a unified way,
allowing operator to run the network efficiently
Investment protection
To interoperate with existing network equipment, while providing the
growth path for new technologies and services in future

THANK YOU