WCDMA Load Control Algorithm and Parameters - P4

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Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
WCDMA Load Control
Contents
1. Load Control Overview
2. Basic Load Control Algorithms
2.1.1 PUC (Potential User Control)
2.1. 2 Intra-frequency Load Balancing (LDB)
2.2 CAC (Call Admission Control)
2.3 IAC (Intelligent Admission Control)
2.4 LDR (Load Reshuffling)
2.5 OLC (Overload Control)
Load Definition
Load: the occupancy of capacity
Two kinds of capacity in CDMA system
Hard capacity
Code channels
Hard ware resource: Transport resource, NodeB processing
capability (CE)
Soft capacity
Interference (UL)
Power (DL)
Uplink Load Definition
Cell Load Factor:
rise noise
UL
1
1
N
P
RTWP
rise noise
PN: Background noise
the UL cell load factor (based on RTWP) can be used to
describe UL load.
Downlink Load Definition

the UL cell load factor (based on RTWP) can be used to
describe UL load
The transmission power is used to describe DL load.
The Objectives of Load Control
Load control algorithm can be classified into three parts according to the different working
states of UE.
Before UE accesses, the PUC algorithms will function. RNC will monitor the cell load
periodically. If the current cell load exceeds a specific threshold, RNC will modify the cell
selection and re-selection parameters, in order that UE can select the low-load cell easily when
UE will initiate some services and work at CELL-DCH state. This algorithm aims at UE which
working at IDLE mode, CELL-FACH state, CELL-PCH state or URA-PCH state in this cell.
During UE accesses, the CAC and IAC algorithms will function. RNC will judge whether the
new access is admissible.
After UE accesses, LDR and OLC algorithms will function. There are some practical
algorithms to decrease the cell load. When a cell is in basic congestion, the RNC shall select
some UEs for inter-frequency handover. When a cell is in overload congestion, the RNC shall
select some UEs to release if failing to release the cell from overload congestion by BE service
TF control.

The Objectives of Load Control
Keeping system stable
Maximizing system capacity while ensuring the coverage and
QoS

PUC: Potential User Control
CAC: Call Admission Control IAC: Intelligent Admission Control
LDR: Load Reshuffling OLC: Overload Control
3. After UE access 2. During UE access 1. Before UE access
Time
LDR
CAC
PUC
OLC
IAC
PUC Principles

Freq1
Freq2
System Info
SIB3,11,12
System Info
SIB3,11,12
Heavy load
Light load
Idle state
Modify
1.Easy to trigger reselection
2.Easy to select light load
Inter-freq neighbor Cell

Decrease the POTENTIAL load
Modify
1.Hard to trigger reselection
2.Easy to camp on the cell

Increase the POTENTIAL load
PUC Realization
PUC can modify inter-frequency cell reselection parameters
to control the user distribution between cells.
Sintersearch: when the load of a cell is Heavy, PUC will
increase this parameter; when the load of a cell is Light, PUC
will decrease this parameter.
QOffset1sn and QOffset2sn: when the load of a cell is Heavy,
PUC will decrease these parameters; when the load of a cell is
Light, PUC will increase these parameters.
Parameters for PUC Algorithm Switch
NBMSWITCH (Cell algorithm switch)
Value Range:
PUC
Default status: OFF

PUCPERIODTIMERLEN (PUC period timer length)
Value Range:6s~86400s
Default value: 1800, namely 1800 seconds, i.e. 30 minutes

Parameters for PUC (1)
SPUCHEAVY (Load level division threshold 1)
Value Range: 0 to 100%
Recommended value: 70, namely 70%
SPUCLIGHT (Load level division threshold 2)
SPUCHYST (Load level division hysteresis)
Parameters for PUC Algorithm Switch
Set the following parameters through ADD CELLPUC, query it through LST CELLPUC, and modify it through
MOD CELLPUC.
SPUCHEAVY (Load level division threshold 1):
It is used to decide whether the cell load level is "Heavy" or not. If the load of a cell is equal to or higher than
this threshold, the load level of this cell is heavy. If the load level of a cell is heavy, the PUC algorithm will
configure selection/reselection parameters for this cell to lead the UE camping on this cell to reselect another
inter-frequency neighboring cell with light load.
SPUCLIGHT (Load level division threshold 2):
It is used to decide whether the cell load level is "Light" or not. If the load of a cell is equal to or lower than this
threshold, the load level of this cell is light. If the load level of a cell is light, the PUC algorithm will configure
selection/reselection parameters for this cell to lead the UE to reselect this cell rather than the previous inter-
frequency neighboring cell with heavy load.
SPUCHYST (Load level division hysteresis):
The hysteresis used while judging cell load level, it is used to avoid the unnecessary ping-pong of a cell
between two load levels due to tiny load change.

Intra-Frequency Load Balancing
Intra-Frequency Load Balancing
The NodeB periodically reports the total TCP of the cell, and the LDB periodically triggers
the following activities:
Assessing the cell load level based on the total TCP
If the downlink load of a cell is higher than the value of the Cell overload threshold, it is
an indication that the cell is heavily loaded. In this case, the transmit power of the PCPICH needs to be
reduced by a step, which is defined by the Pilot power adjustment step parameter. However, if the current
transmit power is equal to the value of the Min transmit power of PCPICH parameter, no adjustment is
performed.
If the downlink load of a cell is lower than the value of the Cell underload threshold, it is an indication that
the cell has sufficient remaining capacity for more load. In this case, the transmit power of the P-CPICH
increases by a step, which is defined by the Pilot power adjustment step parameter, to help to lighten the
load of neighboring cells. However, if he current transmit power is equal to the value of the Max transmit
power of PCPICH parameter, no adjustment is performed
Key parameters LDB
Cell LDC algorithm switch
Parameter ID: NBMLdcAlgoSwitch LDB
The default value of this parameter is Off
Set this parameter through ADD CELLALGOSWITCH /
MOD CELLALGOSWITCH
Key parameters LDB
Cell overload threshold (Heavy)
Parameter ID: CellOverrunThd
The default value of this parameter is 90(90%)
Cell underload threshold (Light)
Parameter ID: CellUnderrunThd
The default value of this parameter is 30(30%)
Key parameters LDB
Pilot power adjustment step
Parameter ID: PCPICHPowerPace
The default value of this parameter is 2 (0.2dB)
Max transmit power of PCPICH
Parameter ID: MaxPCPICHPower
The default value of this parameter is 346 (34.6dBm)
Min transmit power of PCPICH
Parameter ID: MinPCPICHPower
The default value of this parameter is 313 (31.3dBm)
ADD PCPICH / MOD PCPICHPWR
Why we need CAC?
WCDMA is an interference limited system, after a new call is
admitted, the system load will be increased
We must keep the coverage planed by the Radio Network
Planning
Flow chart of CAC
The admission decision
The admission decision is based on:

Cell available code resource: managed in RNC
Cell available power resource: DL/UL load measured in
Node B
NodeB resource state, that is, NodeB credits : Reported by
Node B
Available Iub transport layer resource, that is, Iub
transmission bandwidth: managed in RNC
HSDPA user number (only for HSDPA service)
HSUPA user number (only for HSUPA service)

Only when all of these resources are available can a call be
admitted.
CAC Code Resource Admission
For handover services
The current remaining code resource should be enough for the
service
For other R99 services
RNC shall ensure the remaining code does not exceed the
configurable thresholds after admission of the new service
Parameters for Code Resource Admission
DLHOCECODERESVSF (DL HandOver Credit and Code Reserved SF)
This parameter is the Downlink Credit and Code Reserved by Spread Factor for
Handover service.
If the DL spare resource can not satisfy the reserved resource after the access of a
new service, the service will be rejected.

Value Range:0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Physical value Range: SF4, SF8, SF16, SF32, SF128, SF256, SFOFF
Recommended value: SF32
CAC Power Resource Admission
Algorithm 1: based on UL/DL load measurement and load prediction (RTWP and
TCP)
The algorithm is easy to implement, but it is affected by the result of RTWP and
TCP measurement
When RTWP and/or TCP measurement value are/is invalid/unavailable, the
CAC will change from algorithm 1 to 2 automatically
Algorithm 2: based on Element Number of User (ENU)
The algorithm is no need to measure RTWP and TCP, but the calculation is
more complex
Algorithm 3: loose call admission control algorithm
Similar to algorithm 1, but the prediction of needed power of a new call will be
set to zero
Uplink CAC Algorithm 1 - Load Prediction
Get current RTWP, and calculate the
current load factor
Admission request
Get the traffic characteristic, and
estimate the increment of load factor
Calculate the predicted load factor
admitted rejected
End of UL CAC
Y N
Smaller than
the threshold?
RTWP
P
N
UL
1

UL predicted UL_
Pn is uplink receive
background noise.
Downlink CAC Algorithm 1 - Load Prediction
Get current TCP
Admission request
estimate the increment of TCP
Calculate the predicted TCP
admitted rejected
End of DL CAC
Y N
Smaller than
the threshold?
) (N P
P
P N P ) (
Uplink and Downlink CAC Algorithm 2 - ENU
Get current total ENU
Admission request
estimate the increment of ENU
Calculate the predicted ENU
admitted rejected
End of UL/DL CAC
Y N
Smaller than
the threshold?
N
i
i total
ENU N ENU
1
) (
new
ENU
new total total
ENU N ENU N ENU ) ( ) 1 (
max
/ ) 1 ( ENU N ENU ENULoad
total

For R99 and HSDPA RAB, The RNC uses the following
formula
to predict the uplink load factor :
(ENUtotal + ENUnew) / ENUmax
By comparing the forecasted ENU load with the
corresponding threshold ,the RNC decides whether to accept the
access request or not.
The ENUmax of DL is very different from the ENUmax of UL.
The UL ENUmax is calculated by the system automatically.
The DL ENUmax can be configured through parameter:
DL total Non-HSDPA equivalent user number

Typical equivalent number of users
Service
Equivalent Number of User (ENU)
For Already Existing Users For New Incoming Call
3.4 kbit/s SIG 0.2669 0.4569
13.6 kbit/s SIG 0.4531 1.2131
3.4 + 12.2 kbit/s 0.7662 1.3210
3.4 + 8 kbit/s (PS) 0.5106 0.6325
3.4 + 16 kbit/s (PS) 0.9215 1.0472
3.4 + 32 kbit/s (PS) 2.1319 2.2680
3.4 + 64 kbit/s (PS) 3.2479 3.4188
3.4 + 128 kbit/s (PS) 6.2219 6.4143
3.4 + 144 kbit/s (PS) 6.9731 7.1888
3.4 + 256 kbit/s (PS) 11.2941 11.5245
3.4 + 384 kbit/s (PS) 17.0178 17.1897
Parameters for Power Resource Admission
Algorithm Switch
NBMULCACALGOSELSWITCH (Uplink CAC algorithm switch)
Value Range:
ALGORITHM_OFF, ALGORITHM_FIRST,
ALGORITHM_SECOND, and ALGORITHM_THIRD
NBMDLCACALGOSELSWITCH (Downlink CAC algorithm switch)
Value Range:
ALGORITHM_OFF, ALGORITHM_FIRST,
ALGORITHM_SECOND, and ALGORITHM_THIRD
Parameters for Load Prediction (1)
CELLENVTYPE (Cell environment type)
Value Range:
TU: typical urban district RA: rural area HT: hill terrain
Default value: TU

BACKGROUNDNOISE (Background noise)
Value Range: 0 to 621
Physical Range: -112 to -50dBm, step: 0.1
Recommended value: 71, namely -105dBm
Parameters for Power Resource Admission (6)
ULTOTALEQUSERNUM (UL total equivalent user number)
Value range: 1 to 200
DLTOTALEQUSERNUM (DL total nonhsdpa equivalent
user number)
Meaning: When the algorithm 2 is used, this parameter defines the
total equivalent user number corresponding to the 100% downlink or
uplink load.

CAC Credit Resource Admission
For handover services
The current remaining credit resource should be enough for the
service
For other R99 services
RNC shall ensure the remaining code does not exceed the
configurable thresholds after admission of the new service
CAC Credit Resource Admission
CE is used to measure the channel demodulation capability of the NodeBs. On the RNC side, it is
referred to as the NodeB credit. On the NodeB side, it is referred to as the Channel Element (CE).
Parameters for Credit Resource
Admission
DLHOCECODERESVSF (DL HandOver Credit and Code
Reserved SF)
Value Range:0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Physical value Range: SF4, SF8, SF16, SF32, SF128, SF256,
SFOFF
Configuration Rule and Restriction:
[Dl HandOver Credit and Code Reserved SF] >= max ([Dl LDR
Credit SF reserved threshold], [Cell LDR SF reserved threshold])
Parameters for Credit Resource
Admission
ULHOCERESVSF (Ul HandOver Credit Reserved SF)
Value Range:0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Physical value Range: SF4, SF8, SF16, SF32, SF128, SF256,
SFOFF
Configuration Rule and Restriction:
[Ul HandOver Credit Reserved SF] >= Ul LDR Credit SF reserved
threshold
Contents
2.1 PUC (Potential User Control)
Why we need IAC?
The disadvantage of CAC:
For PS NRT (Non-Real Time) services, CAC is not flexible
No consideration about the priority of different users
No consideration about Directed Retry after CAC rejection

Intelligent means the algorithm can increase admission
successful rate
Why we need IAC?
IAC can increase admission successful rate through the following methods:
1. The data rate of PS service is not fixed, so maybe the cell can admit the
UE after the data rate is decreased.
2. Since the service is non-real time, the users can wait a short time, then
access to the cell.
3. The user with high priority can preempt the resource of users with low
priority.
4. If the load of neighboring cell is not Heavy, UE may be admitted to the
neighboring cell directly.
5. The IAC procedure includes rate negotiation, DRD, preemption and
queuing

IAC Direct Retry based on service
Data service can be retry to HSDPA cells for better QoS
Data
service
HSDPA CELL A
Frequency B
R99 CELL2 R99
CELL 1
Frequency A
IAC Preemption
Low priority
High priority
Preempting resource
The user with high priority can preempt the resource of
users with low priority
Triggering resource for Preemption
Power (or ENU), SF (spreading factor), Iub transmission
resource, NodeB CE
IAC Preemption
The preemption procedure is as follows:
1. The preemption algorithm determines which radio link sets can be preempted according to the
following preemption rules:
- High priority user preempt the resource of low priority users
- Preempting the resource of users with low priority first
- Preempting single service user first
- Preempting UEs as few as possible, that is, choose the UEs that can release the most
resources
- Preempting should follow this sequence: channelization codes first, then Iub transmission
resources, radio resources last
2. Release resources occupied by candidate UEs.
3. The requested service uses the released resources to access the network directly without
further admission decision.

IAC Directed Retry based on Load
Balance
Service will be set up to the cell with lightest load
The advantages
Keeping the load of the network balanced
Supporting higher data rate for the user
Cell 1
Cell 2
RRC
Connection
Cell 1
Cell 2
RAB
Parameters for DRD (1)
DRMAXUMTSNUM (Max inter-frequency direct retry
number)
Value range: 0 to 5
Recommended value: 2
Contents
LCC (Load Congestion Control)
Overload state: OLC will be
used
L
o
a
d
%

THLDR
THOLC
100%
section A
section B
section C
1
2
Normal state: Permit entry
Times
Basic congestion state: LDR
will be used
LCC (Load Congestion Control
LCC (Load Congestion Control) consist of LDR (Load
Reshuffling) and OLC (OverLoad Control).
In basic congestion state, LDR will be used to optimize
resource distribution, the main rules is not to affect the
feeling of users as possible as we can.
In overload state, OLC will be used to release overload
state quickly, keep system stability and the service of high
priority users.

LDR (Load Reshuffling)
Reasons
When the cell is in basic congestion state, new coming calls
could be easily rejected by system
Purpose
Optimizing cell resource distribution
Decreasing load level, increasing admission successful rate
Triggering of LDR
Power resources, code resource, Iub resources or Iub
bandwidth, NodeB Credit resource

Triggering of LDR
Power resources
Code resource
Iub resources
NodeB Credit resource
LDR Actions:
Inter-frequency load handover
Code reshuffling
BE service rate reduction
AMR rate reduction
Inter-RAT load handover in the CS domain
Inter-RAT load handover in the PS domain

When the cell is in basic congestion state, the RNC takes one of the actions
in each period until the congestion is resolved.

LDR ( key Parameter )
Cell algorithm switch
Parameter ID: NBMLDCALGOSWITCH
Value range: ON, OFF
Content: If ULLDR, DLLDR, CELL_CODE_LDR are
selected, the corresponding
algorithms are enabled. .
Set this parameter through ADD CELLALGOSWITCH /
MOD CELLALGOSWITCH
LDR Actions
DL LDR first / second / third / fourth / fifth / sixth / seventh /
eighth / ninth / tenth action
Parameter ID:
DlLdrFirstAction / DlLdrSecondAction / DlLdrThirdAction /
DlLdrFourthAction / DlLdrFifthAction / DlLdrSixthAction /
DlLdrSeventhAction / DlLdrEighthAction / DlLdrNinthAction /
DlLdrTenthAction
The default configuration is :
1st:CODEADJ , 2nd: INTERFREQLDHO , 3rd: BERATERED
Set this parameter through ADD CELLLDR / MOD CELLLDR / ADD
NODEBLDR , MOD NODEBLDR
Parameters for Triggering of Power Resource (1)
ULLDRTRIGTHD (UL LDR trigger threshold)
Value range: 0 to 100%

ULLDRRELTHD (UL LDR release threshold)
Set this parameter through ADD CELLLDM / MOD CELLLDM
Parameters for Triggering of Power Resource (2)
DLLDRTRIGTHD (DL LDR trigger threshold)

DLLDRRELTHD (DL LDR release threshold)
Set this parameter through ADD CELLLDM / MOD CELLLDM
Parameters for LDR Other Actions
UL (DL) LDRBERATEREDUCTIONRABNUM,
UL (DL) LDRCSINTERRATHOUSERNUM,
UL (DL) LDRPSINTERRATHOUSERNUM,

Default value
UL (DL) LDRBERATEREDUCTIONRABNUM: 1
UL (DL) LDRCSINTERRATHOUSERNUM: 3
UL (DL) LDRPSINTERRATHOUSERNUM: 1
Parameters for LDR Other Actions
This set of parameters determines the action sequence for the uplink/downlink LDR.
UL (DL) LDRBERATEREDUCTIONRABNUM: UL/DL LDR-BE rate reduction RAB number
UL (DL) LDRCSINTERRATHOUSERNUM: UL/DL LDR CS inter-rat ho user number
UL (DL) LDRPSINTERRATHOUSERNUM: UL/DL LDR PS inter-rat ho user number

The larger these parameters are, the more obviously the current cells load is
reduced. Its cost is that user feelings are affected and that it gives rise to
congestion of the target cell. The smaller these parameters are, the smaller
the amplitude of the load adjusted by LDR. Its benefit is that the QoS is
guaranteed and the target cell load is stable.

Contents
OLC (Over Load Control)
Reasons
In overload state, system is not stable
Purpose
Ensuring the system stability and making the system back to
the normal state as soon as possible
Triggering of OLC
Power resources only
In some situations, the total power load of the cell may be higher than the
target load. To ensure system stability, overload congestion must be
handled. The OLC includes:
Restricting the TF (Transmission Format) of the BE service
Choosing and releasing some UEs
Only power resources could result in overload congestion. Hard
resources such as equivalent user number, Iub bandwidth, and credit
resources do not cause overload congestion.

Cell overload is an emergent status, OLC algorithm can quickly relieve
uplink/downlink load by TF restriction or user release but may also cause
oscillation of the cell load and affect the call drop rate.
For the uplink, overload means the cells uplink interference is close to or
reaches the limit and may give rise to difficulty in BTS uplink reception
and decoding, resulting in call drop;
For the downlink, overload means the downlink transmit power is close to
or reaches the limit and the users downlink inner loop power control
cannot be increased as needed because of the BTS power restriction,
resulting in call drop.

OLC Actions - TF Control
Target user
Rank the candidate users by the integrate priority, the low
priority user will be selected
Execution
Send the control message to UE (downlink: TF control
indication, uplink: Transport format combination control) to
restricts the TFC selection
After the congestion is released, the BE service rate will be
recovered
OLC Actions - Release of Some UEs
Target user (downlink e.g.)
Rank the candidate users by the integrate priority, the low
priority user will be selected
Execution
Releasing the service of the selected user

OLC Actions
Cell LDC algorithm switch
Parameter ID: NBMLDCALGOSWITCH
UL_UU_OLC, DL_UU_OLC

Set this parameter through ADD CELLALGOSWITCH / MOD CELLALGOSWITCH
Parameters for Triggering of Overload (1)
ULOLCTRIGTHD (UL OLC trigger threshold)

ULOLCRELTHD (UL OLC release threshold)
Parameters for Triggering of Overload (2)
DLOLCTRIGTHD (DL OLC trigger threshold)

DLOLCRELTHD (DL OLC release threshold)
Set these parameters through ADD CELLLDM, query it through LST
CELLLDM, and modify it through MOD CELLLDM.

Parameters for Triggering of Overload
The uplink OLC trigger threshold judges whether the system uplink is in overload status. If the
cell load is consecutively higher than the threshold for pre-determined times, it means the
system is in overload status. Under this circumstance, if the cells OLC switch is open, the
system will perform OLC algorithm, including fast TF restriction or even user release.
The smaller the OLC trigger threshold is, the easier the system will be in overload status. Since
OLC will ultimately use extreme method like user release to lower the load, too low value will
be very detrimental to the system performance.
The smaller the OLC release threshold is, the harder for the system to release the overload.
Since the consequence of overload is not as severe as expected, it is desirable to set the two
parameters a bit higher given that the difference between OLC trigger threshold and OLC
release threshold is fixed.
The uplink OLC trigger thresholds must be greater than up OLC release thresholds, and the
recommended difference between the two thresholds is larger than 10%, otherwise maybe the
basic congestion state is Ping-Pong.
Thank You
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