Regents Biology 2006-2007

Photosynthesis:
Life from Light and Air
Regents Biology
Plants are energy producers
Like animals, plants need energy to live
unlike animals, plants dont need to eat
food to make that energy
Plants make both FOOD & ENERGY
animals are consumers
plants are producers
Regents Biology
How do plants make energy & food?
Plants use the energy from the sun
to make ATP energy
to make sugars
glucose, sucrose, cellulose, starch, & more
sun
ATP
sugars
Regents Biology
H
2
O
Building plants from sunlight & air
Photosynthesis
2 separate processes
ENERGY building reactions
collect sun energy
use it to make ATP
SUGAR building reactions
take the ATP energy
collect CO
2
from air &
H
2
O from ground
use all to build sugars
ATP
sun
sugars
+
CO
2
Regents Biology
Using light & air to grow plants
Photosynthesis
using suns energy to make ATP
using CO
2
& water to make sugar
in chloroplasts
allows plants to grow
makes a waste product
oxygen (O
2
)
Regents Biology
What do plants need to grow?
The factory for making
energy & sugars
chloroplast
Fuels
sunlight
carbon dioxide
water
The Helpers
enzymes
H
2
O
sugars
ATP
enzymes
CO
2

sun
Regents Biology
H
2
O
Photosynthesis
ENERGY
building
reactions
SUGAR
building
reactions
ATP
ADP
CO
2

sugar
sun
used immediately
to synthesize sugars
AP Biology
Chloroplasts
double membrane
stroma
fluid-filled interior
thylakoid sacs
grana stacks
Thylakoid membrane
contains
chlorophyll molecules
electron transport chain
ATP synthase

Plant structure
outer membrane
inner membrane
thylakoid
granum
stroma
AP Biology
Pigments of photosynthesis
Chlorophylls & other pigments
embedded in thylakoid membrane
arranged in a photosystem
Collection of pigment molecules
embedded in a protein
AP Biology
Photosynthesis
Light reactions
light-dependent reactions
energy conversion reactions
convert solar energy to chemical energy
ATP & NADPH
Calvin cycle
light-independent reactions
sugar building reactions
uses chemical energy (ATP & NADPH) to
reduce CO
2
& synthesize C
6
H
12
O
6

AP Biology
Light Reactions of Photosynthesis
Photosystem II
Photosystem I
AP Biology
ETC of Photosynthesis
ETC uses light energy to produce
ATP & NADPH
go to Calvin cycle
PS II absorbs light
excited electron passes from chlorophyll to
primary electron acceptor
need to replace electron in chlorophyll
enzyme extracts electrons from H
2
O &
supplies them to chlorophyll
splits H
2
O
O combines with another O to form O
2
O
2
released to atmosphere
and we breathe easier!
AP Biology
ETC of Photosynthesis
ETC uses light energy to produce
ATP & NADPH
go to Calvin cycle
PS II absorbs light
excited electron passes from chlorophyll to
primary electron acceptor
Electron passes down ETC
Each time electron is passed, releases a little E
E is used to pump H
+
from stroma into
thylakoid
H
+
diffuse down conc. gradient back into
stroma

Pass through ATP Synthase, allowing it to
make ATP
AP Biology
ETC of Photosynthesis
ETC uses light energy to produce
ATP & NADPH
go to Calvin cycle
PS I absorbs light
excited electron passes from chlorophyll to
primary electron acceptor
need to replace electron in chlorophyll
Electron comes from ETC of PSII
Excited electron passes to electron
carrier molecule

NADPH
Sent to Calvin Cycle in the stroma
AP Biology
split H
2
O
Light Reactions of Photosynthesis
O
ATP
to Calvin Cycle
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
sun
sun
AP Biology
From Light reactions to Calvin cycle
Calvin cycle
chloroplast stroma
Need products of light reactions to
drive synthesis reactions
ATP
NADPH
stroma
thylakoid
AP Biology
starch,
sucrose,
cellulose
& more
1C
CO
2
Calvin cycle

5C RuBP

3C
RuBisCo
1. Carbon fixation
2. G3P
Production
3. Regeneration
of RuBP
ribulose bisphosphate
ribulose
bisphosphate
carboxylase
6 NADP
6 NADPH
6 ADP
6 ATP
3 ADP
3 ATP
used
to make
glucose
3C
3C
G3P

glyceraldehyde-3-P
C C C C C
C C C C C
C C C C C
6C
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C
C C C
C C C
C C C
C C C
C C C
PGA
phosphoglycerate
C C C
C C C
C C C
C C C
C C C
C C C
C C C
C
C
C
5C
AP Biology
RuBisCo
Enzyme which fixes carbon from air
ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase
the most important enzyme in the world!
it makes life out of air!
definitely the most abundant enzyme
AP Biology
Photosynthesis summary
Light reactions
produced ATP
produced NADPH
consumed H
2
O
produced O
2
as byproduct
Calvin cycle
consumed CO
2

produced G3P (sugar)
regenerated ADP
regenerated NADP
AP Biology
Light Reactions
O
2
H
2
O
Energy Building
Reactions
ATP
produces ATP
produces NADPH
releases O
2
as a
waste product
sunlight
H
2
O

ATP

O
2
light
energy

+ + + NADPH

NADPH
AP Biology
Calvin Cycle
sugars

CO
2
Sugar
Building
Reactions
ADP
builds sugars
uses ATP &
NADPH
recycles ADP
& NADP
back to make
more ATP &
NADPH
ATP
NADPH
NADP
CO
2
C
6
H
12
O
6

+ + + NADP

ATP

+ NADPH

ADP

AP Biology
H
2
O
Energy cycle
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
sun
glucose O
2
CO
2
plants
animals, plants
ATP
CO
2
H
2
O

C
6
H
12
O
6
O
2
light
energy
+ + +
CO
2
H
2
O

C
6
H
12
O
6
O
2
ATP
energy
+ + +