POWER ELECTRONICS IN WIND AND SOLAR CONVERSION

Electricity is more versatile.

A disadvantage of electricity is that it cannot
be easily stored on a large scale.
in conventional power plants, where the fuel
consumption is varied with the load
requirements


POWER ELECTRONICS IN WIND AND SOLAR CONVERSION


The photovoltaic and wind, being intermittent
sources of power, cannot meet the load
demand all of the time.
The energy storage, therefore, is a desired
feature to incorporate with renewable power
systems, particularly in stand-alone plants.

POWER ELECTRONICS IN WIND AND SOLAR CONVERSION



electrochemical battery
flywheel.
compressed air.
superconducting coil.
POWER ELECTRONICS IN WIND AND SOLAR CONVERSION



the primary battery, which converts the
chemical energy into the electrical energy. The
electrochemical reaction in the primary
battery is non reversible
the secondary battery, which is also known as
the rechargeable battery. electrochemical
reaction in the secondary battery is reversible
POWER ELECTRONICS IN WIND AND SOLAR CONVERSION


In both the charge and the discharge modes, a
small fraction of energy is converted into heat
The round trip conversion efficiency is
between 70 and 80 percent
POWER ELECTRONICS IN WIND AND SOLAR CONVERSION


There are at least six major rechargeable
electro chemistries available today
lead-acid (Pb-acid).
nickel-cadmium (NiCd).
nickel-metal hydride (NiMH).
lithium-ion (Li-ion).
lithium-polymer (Li-poly).
zinc-air.


POWER ELECTRONICS IN WIND AND SOLAR CONVERSION


most common type of rechargeable battery used today
high performance over cost ratio
least energy density by weight and volume
comes in various versions. The shallow-cycle version is used
in automobiles where a short burst of energy is drawn
The deep-cycle version, on the other hand, is suitable for
repeated full charge and discharge cycles. Most energy
storage applications require deep-cycle batteries.

POWER ELECTRONICS IN WIND AND SOLAR CONVERSION


has positive electrodes made of cadmium and
the negative electrodes of nickel hydroxide
have a longer deep cycle life, and are more
temperature tolerant than the lead-acid
batteries
POWER ELECTRONICS IN WIND AND SOLAR CONVERSION


extension of NiCd technology
offers an improvement in energy density over
that in NiCd.
construction difference is that the anode is
made of a metal hydride
eliminates the environmental concerns of
cadmium
Compared to NiCd, NiMH is expensive at
present
POWER ELECTRONICS IN WIND AND SOLAR CONVERSION


offers three times the energy density over that
of lead-acid.
lithium-ion has higher cell voltage of 3.5
versus 2.0 for lead acid and 1.2 for other
electro chemistries.

POWER ELECTRONICS IN WIND AND SOLAR CONVERSION


lithium battery with solid polymer electrolytes
Constructed with a film of metallic lithium
bonded to a thin layer of solid polymer
electrolyte.
solid polymer enhances the cells specific
energy by acting as both the electrolyte and
the separator

POWER ELECTRONICS IN WIND AND SOLAR CONVERSION


offers three times the energy density over that
of lead-acid.
lithium-ion has higher cell voltage of 3.5
versus 2.0 for lead acid and 1.2 for other
electro chemistries.

POWER ELECTRONICS IN WIND AND SOLAR CONVERSION


POWER ELECTRONICS IN WIND AND SOLAR CONVERSION


flywheels are very commonly used due to the
simplicity of storing kinetic energy in a
spinning mass.
There are two broad classes of flywheel-
energy-storage technologies. One is a
technology based on low-speed flywheels (up
to 6000 r/min) with steel rotors and
conventional bearing
The other one involves modern high-speed
flywheel systems (up to 60 000 r/min)
POWER ELECTRONICS IN WIND AND SOLAR CONVERSION


Energy storage in compressed air is made
using a compressor that stores it in an air
reservoir
When a grid is operating off peak, the
compressor stores air in the air reservoir.
During discharge at peak loads, the
compressed air is released to a combustor
where it is mixed with oil or gas driving a gas
turbine.
POWER ELECTRONICS IN WIND AND SOLAR CONVERSION


Super capacitors, which are also known as
ultra capacitors or electric double layer
capacitors (EDLC), are built up with modules
of single cells connected in series and packed
with adjacent modules connected in parallel.
Single cells are available with capacitance
values from 350 to 2700 F and operate in the
range of 2 V.
POWER ELECTRONICS IN WIND AND SOLAR CONVERSION


New trends focused on using ultra capacitors
to cover temporary high peak power demands
, integration with other energy-storage
technologies, and development of high-
voltage applications.

POWER ELECTRONICS IN WIND AND SOLAR CONVERSION


In an SMES, a coil of superconducting wire
stores electrical energy in a magnetic field
without resistive losses
The system operates by injecting a dc current
into the superconducting coil, which stores
the energy in magnetic field. When a load
must be fed, the current is generated using
the energy stored in the magnetic field. One
of the major advantages of SMES is the ability
to release large quantities of power during a
fraction of a cycle.
POWER ELECTRONICS IN WIND AND SOLAR CONVERSION


COGENERATION CASE STUDY