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CHAPTER OUTLINE
atmicos.
Orden de Largo Alcance (LRO): es un arreglo regular
repetitivo de tomos en un slido, el cual se extiende
Vidrio de silicato
Polietileno
Cristales lquidos
Orden de Corto y de
largo Alcance en
pequeos volmenes
Materiales
Cristalinos
Orden de corto
y largo alcance
Cristales
Sencillos
Ej: Si, GaAs
Policristalinos
Ej: metales,
aleaciones
Figure 3.5 Liquid crystal display. These materials are amorphous in one
state and undergo localized crystallization in response to an external
electric field and are widely used in liquid crystal displays. (Courtesy of
Nick Koudis/PhotoDisc/Getty Images.)
Section 3.2
Amorphous Materials: Principles and
Technological Applications
Amorphous materials - Materials, including glasses, that have no
long-range order, or crystal structure.
Glasses - Solid, non-crystalline materials (typically derived from
the molten state) that have only short-range atomic order.
Glass-ceramics - A family of materials typically derived from
molten inorganic glasses and processed into crystalline materials
with very fine grain size and improved mechanical properties.
Figure 3.9 (b) This figure shows a schematic of the blow-stretch process used for
fabrication of a standard two-liter PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottle from a
preform. The stress induced crystallization leads to formation of small crystals
that help reinforce the remaining amorphous matrix.
ESTRUCTURAS CRISTALINAS
1D
No importa donde se coloquen los puntos reticulares en la estructura siempre y
cuando tengan entornos idnticos
2D
Por convenio se escoge la celda mas pequea que represente por completo la
simetra de la estructura.
Centrada (C)
Primitiva (P)
PARMETROS DE RED EN 3D
Cbico,
Tetragonal
Ortorrmbico
Hexagonal
Rombodrico/trigonal
Monoclnico
Triclnico
Cbico,
Tetragonal
Ortorrmbico
Hexagonal
Rombodrico/trigonal
Monoclnico
Triclnico
REDES DE BRAVAIS
Hay 4 tipos diferentes de celdas 3D :
Primitiva (P), Centrada en el cuerpo o en el interior (I),
Centrada en las caras (F), Centrada en la (una sola) cara (A,B o C)
posiciones
Tablas Internacionales de
Cristalografia
http://img.chem.ucl.ac.uk/sgp/large/sgp.htm
http://img.chem.ucl.ac.uk/sgp/large/sgp.htm
Sistema orthorhombico
P = celda primitiva
video
SOLUTION
In the SC unit cell: lattice point / unit cell = (8 corners)1/8 = 1
In BCC unit cells: lattice point / unit cell=(8 corners)1/8+ (1 center)(1)= 2
In FCC unit cells: lattice point / unit cell= (8 corners)1/8+(6 faces)(1/2)= 4
The number of atoms per unit cell would be 1, 2, and 4, for the simple
cubic, body-centered cubic, and face-centered cubic, unit cells,
respectively.
a0
2r
In BCC structures, atoms touch along the body diagonal. There are
two atomic radii from the center atom and one atomic radius from
each of the corner atoms on the body diagonal, so
a0
4r
a0
4r
NMERO DE COORDINACIN
SC
BCC
FACTOR DE EMPAQUETAMIENTO
Es la fraccin de espacio ocupada por los tomos suponiendo
que estos sean esferas duras que tocan a su vecino ms
cercano.
3
0
4 3
(4 atoms/cell)( r )
3
Packing Factor
a03
Since, for FCC unit cells, a 0 4r/
4
(4)( r 3 )
3
Packing Factor
3
( 4r / 2 )
18
0.74
DENSIDAD TERICA
La densidad terica del material se puede calcular con las
propiedades de su estructura cristalina.
7
.
882
g
/
cm
24
23
(23.54 10 )(6.02 10 )
La densidad medida es 7.870 g/cm3.
La pequea discrepancia entre las
densidades obedece a los defectos presentes en el material.