SGU 4253: UKUR GPS

SESSI 2005/06: SEMESTER JULAI - SPACE

PENSYARAH
BILIK
TEL.
E-mail

: PM DR. MUSTAFA DIN SUBARI

: Kampus UTM Skudai B08-312
: 07-5530807, 019-7500059
: m.subari@fksg.utm.my
rasyad45@gmail.com

SGU 4253: UKUR GPS

SESSI 2005/06: SEMESTER JULAI - SPACE

KULIAH 0: PENGENALAN KURSUS

Tujuan Kursus:

Memantapkan pengetahuan serta kemahiran tentang

teknologi GPS yang merupakan teknologi terkini
untuk penentududukan.

Course Aim:

Enhancing knowledge and skills in using GPS

technology as the current and state of the art
positioning tool.

Objektif kursus:

Memberi kefahaman tentang konsep dan teknik ukur

GPS dengan lebih mendalam supaya dapat
dipraktikkan dalam bidang ukur seperti geodesi, ukur
kejuruteraan, hidrografi dan maklumat tanah.

Course Objectives:
Giving in-depth understanding on concepts and
techniques of GPS SURVEYING so as to enable
practical applications in areas of surveying and
mapping such as geodesy, engineering survey,
hydrography and land-related information systems.

WEEK/
SLOT

1/1

DATE

16-17 Jul.

TOPIC

Course introduction
Principles of satellite positioning

1/2

Introduction to GPS positioning

GPS system

1/3

GPS application
GPS positioning accuracy

1/4

The GPS signals

GPS signal carriers

range measurements

navigation messages
GPS instrumentations
GPS receivers, processing software

2/1

13-14 Ogo.

2/2

GPS Surveying

Planning, recci, field proc.

2/3

Modern GPS surveying techniques

GPS RTK

3/1

20-21 Ogo.

NOTE

Modelling GPS observations

code & phase measurements

3/2

3/3

Field 1: GPS observation

3/4

-do-

biases & errors

measurement-differencing techniques
dual-frequencies relations

MID-SEMESTER BREAK

Quiz 1

Quiz 2
Assignment 1

4/1

17-18 Sep.

GPS data processing

GPS baseline processing

4/2

ambiguity resolutions

4/3

dual-freq. processing

5/1

1-2 Okt.

5/2

GPS network processing

single & multi-sessions data

quality indicators

5/3

GPS & Quality issues

GPS Surveying Stds & Specifications,

KPUP Circular
GPS results and presentations
Transformations of coordinates
Field 2: GPS Baselines processing & Net. adjustment

5/4

-do-

6/1

22-23 Okt.

GPS heighting, GPS for GIS

6/2

GPS works in Malaysia

6/3

Datum and future of GPS

REVISION WEEK
FINAL EXAMINATION WEEK
FINAL EXAMINATION WEEK

Quiz 3
Mid-Term

Quiz 4
Assignment 2

Pengendalian kursus:

Kuliah - 42 jam
Amali/lab - 8 jam

Nota: Rujuk jadual perancangan kursus

Course evaluation (Marking schemes)
1.
2.
3.

Courseworks (quizes, reports, asgmnt)

Mid-Term exam
Final exam
TOTAL

40%
20%
40%
100%

RUJUKAN
1.

2.

3.

4.

C. Rizos, 1996. Principle and Practice of GPS

Surveying, e-Note, School of Geomatic Engineering,
UNSW.
http://www.fksg.utm.my/vlearning_reference.htm
Wellenhof, H. et al., 1994, GPS Theory and Practice,
Springer-Verlag, Vienna, New York, 3rd edition, 355
pp.
Wells, D.E, et al., 1987. Guide to GPS Positioning,
Canadian GPS Associates, Fredericton, New
Brunswick, Canada, 2nd Edition., 600pp.
GPS World monthly magazine on GPS

O.K ?

Lets go to bisness!

SGU 4253: UKUR GPS

SESSI 2005/06: SEMESTER JULAI - SPACE

KULIAH 0: RUANG DAN SISTEM

RUJUKAN SPATIAL

Pengenalan kepada sistem

rujukan spatial
Q: Dimana kedudukan kita di permukaan
Bumi ini?
Satu lokasi yang boleh di nyatakan
secara jelas (unambiguously defined)

unik

Satu set nilai koordinat

2D, 3D
Sistem koordinat satah atau melengkung

Sistem koordinat satah

Sistem koordinat 2-dimensi

Sistem koordinat Kartesian

Sistem koordinat polar

Sistem koordinat 3-dimensi

Sistem koordinat Kartesian

Sistem koordinat polar

Koordinat kartesian 2-D

Koordinat polar

Koordinat Kartesian 3-D

Koordinat polar 3-D

Sistem koordinat melengkung

(geografi/geodetik)

Latitud, Longitud geografi

Meridian Utama dan Khatulistiwa adalah

satah rujukan untuk nilai latitud and
longitud.
Latitud adalah sudut dari satah khatulistiwa
ke titik melalui meridian yang
mengandungi titik tersebut
Longitud adalah sudut dari Meridian utama
ke meridian yang mengandungi titik

2-jenis sistem koordinat

Koordinat mendatar

1.

Jaringan kawalan mendatar

Ketinggian

2.

Jaringan kawalan ketinggian/aras

Koordinat 3-dimensi

3.

Not to confuse Z and height!

A flat Earth or a curved Earth?

Flat Earth

Mapped area is small (eg. 10km)

Simple coordinate system

Horizontal axes (N and E) aligned in the

direction of North and East
The horizontal plane is defined to coincide with
sea-level surface
Height axis (H) is perpendicular to horizontal
plane and coincide with the direction of gravity

Flat Earth coord. system

Flat Earth

Position of point identified by a set of

(N, E) value at respective Northing and
Easting axes
Height (H) is measured from sea level

Curved Earth

Mapped area is bigger (eg. > 10km)

Complicating factors;

Curvature of the Earth

Variation in composition of the Earths interior

Representation of the earths

curvature/shape;

Sphere simple model

Ellipsoid/spheroid

Reference ellipsoid

Best mathematical representations of

the earths shape
A figure generated by rotating an ellipse
about its minor axis.

Geoid (surface)

Equipotential surface
Sea level surface gravity field
Composition of the earths interior
Irregular and complex

Relations of earths references

surfaces

What are the implications?

Cerapan di atas permukaan

(topografi) Bumi
Ketinggian di atas geoid (msl)
Hitungan di atas permukaan ellipsoid
Peta di atas satah
GPS koordinat atas permukaan
ellipsoid!

Geodesi

Geodesy

A branch of science dealing with the

determinations of the size and shape of the
earth.
Includes processing of measurements on
curved surfaces, and
Analysis of gravity measurements

Geodetic datums

A curved-earth reference model

Characteristics;

A simplified mathematical representations of the

shape and size of the earth
Usually in the form of an ellipsoid/spheroid
Serve as basis for mathematical computations and
as reference surface for mapping
Positioned such that it best-fit the sea-surface (ie.
to geoid)
Sea-surface is widely used as reference surface for
heighting

Reference Ellipsoid

Global/geocentric datum

Fits the whole earth

Eg. WGS84

Local datum

Fits local area

Eg. Kertau, Everest

Local geodetic datum local

fit

Global geodetic datum

global fit

Position on the ellipsoid

Position of a point is defined by;

Latitude
Longitude
Ellipsoidal/Spheroidal height

Sistem koordinat melengkung

(geodetik)

Latitud, longitud dan ketinggian geodetik

Latitud geodetik suatu titik adalah sudut dari satah

khatulistiwa ke arah pugak garis normal kepada
ellipsoid rujukan.
Longitude geodetik adalah sudut antara satah
rujukan dengan satah yang mengandungi titik
tersebut, dimana kedua-dua satah bersudut tepat
dengan satah khatulistiwa.
Ketinggian geodetik adalah jarak dari ellipsoid
rujukan ke titik berkenaan melalui arah garis
normal di titik berkenaan.

Earth Centered Earth Fixed

(ECEF) coord. system

Conversion of 3-D Cartesian

and Polar coordinate