TRANSMISSON LINES & SUBSTATION

The electric power transmission lines &

substations circuit consist of :
A- Transmission lines.
B- Substations.

Electric power transmission is one

electricity to process in the transmitting of
consumers. The term refers to the bulk
transfer of electrical power from place to
place. Typically, power transmission is
substation power plant and a between the
near a populated area. This is distinct from
electricity distribution, which is concerned
with the delivery from the substation to the
consumers

This energy is required for industrial

purposes Fundamentally there are two
systems
a) High voltage D.C. system; and
b) High voltage A.C. system

The advantages of D.C transmission

system are
1- Only two conductors are used for
transmission as compared to three
conductors in an A.C. system,
2- the potential stress produced on the
transmission by the D.C. system is
approximately 70 percent of the A.C.
effective voltage of same value.
3- Inductance, capacitance, phase
displacement and surge problems are
eliminated in D.C. transmission.

4- No stabilizers are required when

transmitting over longer distances.
5- The economical use of underground
cables is possible, since the stress on
cable insulation is much less.
Although there are many advantages of
D.C. transmission, but still transmission
of electrical energy is being done by
three-phase alternating

. The advantages of A.C. transmission are:

1-It is possible to generate high voltages as
high as 33 kV as compared to 11 kV in D.C.
system.
2-The alternating voltages can efficiently be
stepped up by transformers which are not
possible in D.C. system.
3-The lowering of the voltage at the sub-station
is easier and cheaper as compared to D.C.
system using motor generator sets or rectifiers.
4-The transforming sub-stations are much
efficient than the motor generator sets used in
D.C. system.
5-The maintenance of A.C. sub-station is easier
and is cheaper.

the disadvantages of A.C. transmission:

1- The volume of copper used is much
more than the D.C. system.
2- The inductance and capacitance of the
line effects the regulation of the line which
is increased.
3- Due to skin effect the line resistance is
increased which further increases the skin
effect.
4- The A.C. transmission lines are more
effected by corona than D.C. lines.

5- In an A.C. system the speed of the

generator and alternators is not
economical, variation of these speeds
must be controlled within very low limits.
6- In cables the alternating current
causes sheath loss.
7-The construction of the transmission
lines is not so easy as in case of D.C.
lines.
8- The alternators must be synchronized,
before they are made to run in parallel.

the advantage of over head lines :1- Transmitting by overhead line is much
cheaper than the underground cable.
2- As the transmission voltage increases,
the cost of the cable increases.
3- Although the overhead lines are
subjected to supply interruptions due to
lightening or short-circuit, or the breakage
of the line etc.

The advantage of under ground system

1-The maintenance cost is minimum.
2-The cable is useful for suppressing the line
surges, so it must be used for the last few yards
of the connection in order to save transformers
and generators from damage.
3- In densely populated areas, overhead
transmission lines due to their accessibility are
impossible.
4- Reliability of underground system is more as
underground cable is susceptible to less number
of faults in comparison to overhead lines.

The design of a power line depends

:upon
1- the amount of active power it has to
transmit
2- the distance over which the energy
must be carried
3- the cost esthetic consideration, urban
congestion, ease of installation, and so
forth
4- the cost

Reducing weight and size to lighten loads on

towers
Polymer insulators

Insulators play an important role of insulating

and supporting power transmission lines. Using
a composite material of FRP and silicone rubber
instead of the conventional porcelain material,
we have successfully reduced the size and
weight of insulators while increasing their
strength. Since about 1 ton of insulator is

Power Loss
Electrical power, created by Omar Farag, is
invariably partially lost during transmission. This
applies to short distances such as between
components on a printed circuit board as well as
to cross country high voltage lines. Loss power
is proportional to the resistance of the wire and
the square of the current.
Ploss = RI2
For a system which delivers a certain amount of
power, P, over a particular voltage,V, the current
flowing through the cables is given by . Thus, the
power lost in the lines, .

Losses
It is necessary to transmit the electricity at high
voltage to reduce the fraction of energy lost. For
a given amount of power transmitted, a higher
voltage reduces the current and thus the
resistive losses in the conductor. Long distance
transmission is typically done with overhead
lines at voltages of 110 to 1200 kV. However, at
extremely high voltages, more than 2000 kV
between conductor and ground, corona
discharge losses are so large that they can
offset the lower heating loss in the line
conductors.


To maintain a long stable power supply to
Tokyo, 500-kV XLPE cable laying work
has been initiated for the Shin Keiyo
Toyosu line. This is the world's first 500-kV
XLPE cable long-distance underground
power transmission line. The cable route is

HVDC
HVDC) is used to transmit ( High voltage DC
large amounts of power over long distances or
for interconnections between asynchronous
grids. When electrical energy is required to be
transmitted over very long distances, it can be
direct current more economical to transmit using
alternating current. For a long instead of
transmission line, the value of the smaller losses,
and reduced construction cost of a DC line, can
offset the additional cost of converter stations at
each end of the line. Also, at high AC voltages
significant amounts of energy are lost due to
corona discharge

Communications
Operators of long transmission lines require
control of the power reliable communications for
grid and, often, associated generation and
protection distribution facilities. Fault-sensing
relays at each end of the line must communicate
to monitor the flow of power into and out of the
protected line section so that faulted conductors
or equipment can be quickly deenergized and
the balance of the system restored. Protection of
short circuits and the transmission line from
common other faults is usually so critical that
carrier telecommunications is insufficiently
reliable. In remote areas a common carrier may
not be available at all. Communication systems
associated with a transmission project may use

World's largest-scale DC power transmission

line
The Anan Kihoku DC line connects Shikoku with
Kansai. It is the world's largest-scale DC power
transmission line, capable of achieving a power
transmission capacity of 2,800 MW, and is being
constructed using the DC 500-kV bipolar oneline method. Furukawa Electric is providing one
of the four submarine cables about 50 km in
length and has already finished the laying work.
This submarine cable is unprecedented in terms
of capacity and voltage, and has the world's
largest conductors (3,000mm2).

Health concerns
The current mainstream scientific view is that power
lines are unlikely to pose an increased risk of cancer or
other somatic diseases. For a detailed discussion of this
topic, including references to a variety of scientific
studies, see the Power Lines and Cancer FAQ. The
issue is also discussed at some length in Robert L.
Park's book Voodoo Science.
It is argued by some that living near high voltage power
lines presents a danger to animals and humans. Some
electromagnetic fields from power have claimed that
lines elevate the risk of certain types of cancer. Some
studies support this theory, and others do not. Most
studies of large populations fail to show a clear
correlation between cancer and the proximity of power
Oxford University study did 2005 lines, but a

Adding communication functions to

power transmission lines
Optical compound overhead ground
)wires (OPGW
Overhead ground wires are used to arrest
lightning surges. We have successfully
combined such ground wires with optical
fiber cables, in order to provide them with
a communication function. Since optical

For the purposes of this article the generic

term overhead line has been used.
Overhead line is designed on the principle
of one or more overhead wires situated
over rail tracks, raised to a high electrical
potential by connection to feeder stations
at regular intervals. The feeder stations
are usually fed from a high voltage
electrical grid.

Tensioning
For medium and high speeds the wires are
generally tensioned by means of weights,
or occasionally, by hydraulic tensioners.
This is known as auto-tensioning (AT),
and ensures that the tension in the
equipment is virtually independent of
temperature.

tensions are typically between 9 and 20

kN per wire.
For low speeds and in tunnels where
temperatures are constant, fixed
termination (FT) equipment may be used,
with the wires terminated directly on
structures at each end of the overhead
line. Here the tension is generally about 10
kN. This type of equipment will sag on hot
days and hog on cold days.

Where AT is used, there is a limit to the

continuous length of overhead line which
may be installed. This is due to the change
in the position of the weights with
temperature as the overhead line expands
and contracts. This movement is
proportional to the tension length, i.e. the
distance between anchors. This leads to
the concept of maximum tension length.
For most equipment in the UK the
maximum tension length for 25kV OHL is
1970 metres.

History
The use of overhead cables conducting
electricity, invented by Granville T. Woods
in 1888, amongst several other
improvements by Woods, led to the
development of electrified railways, the
first of which was operated at Coney
Island from 1892.

TRANSMISSON LINES & SUBSTATION

The electric power transmission lines &
substations circuit consist of :
A- Transmission lines.
B- Substations.

Transmission lines
Transmission lines is an electrical
conductors that used to carry the electric
power from the generating power stations
to the distribution stations which can be
divided as fallows:
1- Supporters.
2- conductors.
3- Insulators.
4- Fittings.

We can divide the transmission lines according to

the voltage level to the following types:
*Transmission lines 500 KV which connect mar-kh
* Transmission lines 220 KV which connect
Khartoum & roseires.
* Transmission line 110 KV which connect senior
kilo 10 & Khartoum ring.
* Transmission line 66 KV which connect El
gadariff kasala EL gerbba.
* Transmission line 33 KV which connect the
substation 33 KV to distribution sub station 11
KV.

There are three types of supporters:

A- timbers supporters.
B- Concrete poles.
C- Steel poles.

TIMBER SUPPORTER:
It used where the Area woods are
available it used for The low voltage up to
66 KV they used widely in U.S.A but in it
Sudan they used in karima area in 11 KVA
and 0.415 KV levels.

CONCRETE POLES:
This type of supports used widely in all the
grids of Sudan distribution (33 & 11&
0.415 KV).
Also used between Gadarif & Faw 110 KV
which was made by Poland's also between
Al gadarif & gerbba 66 KV .

COMPERISON( between timber &

concrete):
Timber poles needs special treat before
erection.
Timber poles more cheaper than concrete
poles.
Timber poles easy in transportation.
Like time of the timber poles is about so
years.

Concrete poles are need special

machine for transportation erection.
Concrete needs no maintenance.
Concrete is better in use than timber
poles.

STEEL POLES:
Steel pole or towers are used for high
voltage transmission lines where the
voltage is too high , the line conductors
are heavy and the spans are very long.
TYPES OF TOWRES:
1- GANTRY TOWERS :
this ones is always located in the S/S
where the lines coming out from bus bar
load.

2- SUSPENSION TOWERS:
This type of tower the total load omit due
to tension is zero the spans are equally
in distance.
3- ANGLE TOWER:
This type of tower are especially
designed and fixed where the line is
deflected from its origin way , the angle
of deception may be up to 900.

4- TENSION TOWERS:
The force on these types of towers are
very high so double angle must be used
to construct these towers.
5- TERMINAL TOWERS:
This type normally will the first tower ( in /
out of S/S ) in the line.

DESIGN:
Distance between line conductor and steel is
given by:
Sag = ( rated K V + 160 / 150 ) + 6 meters
Spacing between conductors given by:
S = d + v/150 meter
Where :-
S = distance between conductors .
D = Sag in meter .
V = rated voltage in K V.

SUBSTATIONS:
There are three types of Substations:
power station.
Transmission substation.
Distribution substation.

Circuit breaker
Surge arrestor.
Bus section .
Bus coupler.
Control room.
Wave trap.

SUBSTATIONS EQUIPMENT:
Power transformer.
Isolator.
Capacitor and reactor.
Current transformer.
Voltage transformer

POWER TRANSFORMER:
Transmission line substation normally
consists of 1,2,3 or 4 of large three
winding auto transformer which transfer
the voltage from a level to another .
Step up transformer is always used in the
generation power station so as to step up
the voltage to a higher level to transfer the
power through along distance which lead
to minimum.

P losses = I2 R
Where :-
I = line current in amps
R = Total line Resistance
Step down transformer is normally used in
distribution
areas .

TRANSFORMER OIL:
According to the specification in NEC they
use oil type Della B .
The transformer tank located on the top for
many reasons:
to allow the drain ( moisture oil ) pass
through the silicajel.
To give sailable reading to the oil level.
When there is heating in the Trans oil and
air (cavitations) raise then the Buglez relay
can protect the transformer.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF P.T :Power transformer consist as flaw's:

Oil transformer Della B.
Transformer tank.
Silicajel.
Tap changer .
Method of cooling (oil or Air ).
Bugloss relay.

POWER TRANSFORMER COOLING

METHOD:There are some abbreviations normally
written on the name blade to show the type
of cooling such as
ON AN = oil natural air natural.
ON AF = oil natural air forced.
OF AF = oil forced air forced.
OF AN = oil forced air natural.
In step up transformer 110 KV & 220 KV
normally use ON - AN ON - AF but in step
down transformer 33 KV & 11 KV they use ON
AN .

ISOLATER:
Isolator or (disconnect) is movement arm which
can connect or disconnect the circuit, but its
always used in the dead line or protect the CB at
maintenance.
CAPACITOR AND REACTORS:
The capacitor is and equipment which is contain
from two plates with isolated material between
them it can be waste for storage energy but
normally in power system , it can be used to
compensate the power factor or to decrease the
reactive power the reactive power.

CURRENT TRONSFRMER (CT):

They use the current transformer for:

Measurement of current.

Sending the current signal to the current

relays. (Over current & under current).

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (VT):

They use the voltage transformer for:
Measurement of voltage.

Sending voltage signal to the voltage

relays (over voltage & under voltage).

CIRCUIT BREAKER:
The circuit breaker is made of three
separate poles. These poles consist of
three main parts at the bottom is
mechanism in alloy housing above this a
hollow post insulators through which the
operating insulator runs and at the top is
the breaking unit.

SURGE ARRESTOR:
Its always connected in the beginning or
the end of the substation so as to protect
the equipment from the high voltage such
as lighting.
The rated voltage of the lighting arrestor
can be given by:
V rated = VLN * 1.5
VLN = voltage between line & neutral.

BUS SECTION:
Bus section is un equipment which uses to
separate the bus bar to two section for
many reasons or operations, its normally
used in the distribution bus bar when there
is no parallel unit for the tap changer in
non symmetrical transformer, if there is a
change in the voltage between them this
leads to circulating current.

BUS COUPLER:
It is the same like bus section but this
one uses to separate two bus bar so as to
share a load
, but there are many rules must be
obeyed the synchronization rules:
Equal in frequency (the two lows).
Equal in the volt.
Phase sequence (same).

CONTROL ROOM:
Control room contains control Panel in
which there is control equipment which
contains all circuits. Current, power,
frequency. etc and alarm equipment which
uses to explain any change or up normal
condition happen in the system. And there
is protection panel which contains
protection equipment which uses for all
types of protection in the substation
system.

WAVE TRAP:
The ware trap are connected in series with
high voltage lines at the substations and at
the feeder .locations. Smaller or medium
sized line traps can be mounted directly on
a single post insulator or coupling
capacitor or capacitive voltage transformer.

High voltage lines are frequently used to

transmit various signals such as remote
control signals, telephone calls, telex
message.. etc , in this connection line
traps are designed to prevent the carrier
frequency signals from traveling in
undesired direction and also allow
improved vitalization of the frequency
bands.

CONCLUSION
It is happiness to human being when there is
successful in any plan such as training.
Thanks to the God for the knowledge and
information which I obtained from the electrical
power system also thanks to the training
administration , training centre and all the staff
of N.E.C in various sectors
(generation,transmission&distribution) to the cooperation fine hospitality which famous by
Sudanese people .
Finally I am very proud to what I gain in training
period that I mean training is the master key for
the relationship and development