CHAPTER 2

THE FIRST LAW OF THERMOYNAMICS

Group 5
1. Riduan
2. Novita Sari
3. Putri Eka Nurhikmah Sari

SOME BASIC UNDERSTANDING

Some basic understanding of thermoynamics is
much related to:
system and environment,
the state of the system and the equation of
state,
State function,
Changes in circumstances,
Heat and work.

system and environment :

transfer of energy (E) & materr (m)
environment

environment

System

environment

(Focus of attentoin)
E
&
m

An open system

Closed System

environment
4

Isolated System

ENVIRONMENT
SYSTEM

Closed

Open
Shift:

mass & energy

Energy
5

Isolated
Di not happen anything

6.2

The State of The System

the state variabel system :
n (the amount of substance)
V (volume)
p (pressure)
T (temperature)

E.g. Gas equation of state:

pV = nRT
p = p (n, T, V)
6

Condition function
Condition function is each system
characteristic which only concerned with
beginning condition and final condition

In thermodinamic we know some

condition function :

In energy (u; U)
Entalphy (h; H),
Entropi (s; S),
Gibbs free energy (g; G),
Helmholtz free energy (a; A).

 One of the important characteristic of

differential condition function is total
differential (differential ekstrak),some of total
differrential characteristic are:

2
1. if dz = z2 z1, so dz is a
1
Total diferenial
2. If dz = 0, so dz is a total diferential

 3. occurred Euler formula:

if dz = M(x,y) dx + N(x,y) dy so

M
N

y x x y

(2.1)

 Changing condition :
The process which occurred in a system can be
consist of:
1. Reversibel process is a process which
system always in equilibrium condition or
quasy-static
2. Irreversibel process is process which cannt
fulfil reversibel process

2.1.6 Work
Work is a form of energy that is not ketiap heat
exchanged between the system and the
environment
W (+)

W(-)
System
Environment

Figure 2.2. Work exchange between the system

with its environment

Sorts of forms of work:

1. electrical work
2. mechanical work
3. magnetic work
4. work volume

work volume
1. Expansion work one step
Expansion work is the work that occurs when
the system volume swell against pressure
environment.

Work performed by the system: W = mgh

 Expansion work one step

T.P2.V2
T.P1.V1

(a) Start state

(b) Final state

W=-P1V
W=-P1(V2-V1)

(2.5)

W = the total work that accompanies the system

state changes
P1 = pressure outside (environment) caused mass
V2 = volume of the system at the final state
V2 = volume of the system at the initial state
(-) = Adjust system that works

P2

P1.V1

P2.V2
P1

rentang

V1

V2

P1
V

P1P2
Equation 2.5 is not just for work expansion,
but also the work of compression
In compression, V2 <V1, and the presence of
a negative sign in equation (2.5) will
automatically generate the W marked positive.

2. Two-step expansion work

If the state of the system is determined on

the state of his three so-called two-step
expansion work (2-stroke)
W = W + W first step second step (2.6)

Expansion work two step

P1
P1
P1
V2
V

The shaded area stating the amount of

work that occurs in a two-step expansion.
objec changes to the system with more
steps will be accompanied by greater job.
The shaded area in the two-step system
that works greater than the work one step.

P
P1.V1

P
P2.V2

V1

V2

Ekspansi reversibel
step system that does very much have a
very small volume change for each step.
The relationship between work and
changes volumnya expressed
mathematically:
-PL dW = dV (2.6)

Pl is the pressure of the environment outside

the detention system can be considered
equal to the system pressure (P), Pl = P, so
that equation (2.6) becomes
dW = -P dV
(2.7)

The total number of workers who produced

the reversible expansion can be obtained by
integrating equation (2.7)