Multiple Access Control

&
ALOHA Protocol
Presented by:
Manisha Kaura
M.Tech (ECE)

Content
Introduction-MAC

Functions performed in MAC layer

MAC Address
Channel allocations
Static channel allocation
Queen theory
Dynamic channel allocation

ALOHA protocol

Advantages and disadvantages of ALOHA.

Introduction
The MAC sub layer provides addressing

and channel access control mechanisms that

make it possible for several terminals or
network nodes to communicate within
a multiple access network that incorporates a
shared medium, e.g. Ethernet.
The hardware that implements the MAC is
referred to as a medium access controller.

Figure a

Data link layer divided into two functionality-oriented sublayers

Responsible for error

and flow control

Link Layer Control (LLC)

Control

Responsible framing
and MAC address and
Multiple Access Control

Functions performed in MAC

layer
Frame delimiting and recognition.

Addressing of destination stations (both as

individual stations and as groups of stations).

Conveyance of source-station addressing
information.
Protection against errors, generally by means
of generating and checking frame check
sequences.
Control of access to the physical
transmission medium.

MAC Address
It is a unique identifier assigned to network

interfaces for communications on the physical

network segment. MAC addresses are used as
a network address for most IEEE 802 network
technologies.
MAC addresses are most often assigned by
the manufacturer of a network interface
controller (NIC) and are stored in its
hardware.If assigned by the manufacturer, a
MAC address usually encodes the
manufacturer's registered identification
number.

Channel allocations:
Static channel allocation
Dynamic channel allocation

Static Channel Allocation

Bandwidth divided into equal sized portions;

so no interference of users.
For fewer, very large and varying number of
users, it is a poor fit.
Poor fit can be proved by queen theory.
T=1/(C-)
Where T: Mean time delay
C: Channel Capacity
: average arrival rate of frame
: average length of frame

Dynamic Channel allocation

In DCA schemes, all channels are kept in a

central pool and are assigned dynamically to

new calls as they arrive in the system.
After each call is completed, the channel is

returned to the central pool. It is fairly

straightforward to select the most appropriate
channel for any call based simply on current
allocation and current traffic, with the aim of
minimizing the interference.

ALOHA Protocol

A station that has data can transmit at any time

After transmitting a frame, the sender waits for an acknowledgment
for an amount of time (time out) equal to the maximum round-trip
propagation delay
If no ACK was received, sender assumes that the frame or ACK has
been destroyed and resends that frame after it waits for a random
amount of time
If station fails to receive an ACK after repeated transmissions, it gives
up
Channel utilization or efficiency or Throughput is the percentage of
the transmitted frames that arrive successfully (without collisions) or
the percentage of the channel bandwidth that will be used for
transmitting frames without collisions
ALOHA Maximum channel utilization is 18% (i.e, if the system
produces F frames/s, then 0.18 * F frames will arrive successfully on
average without the need of retransmission).

Figure b Procedure for ALOHA protocol

Advantages and Disadvantages of

ALOHA protocols

Advantages

A node that has frames to be transmitted can transmit continuously at the

full rate of channel (R bps) if it is the only node with frames.

Simple to be implemented.

No master station is needed to control the medium.

Disadvantage

If (M) nodes want to transmit, many collisions can occur

This causes low channel utilization.

Thank you
For
Listening !!