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Global System for Mobile

Communication Overview

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Overview

Introduction
Evolution of Mobile communication
Multiple Access Technologies
Features of GSM
GSM System Architecture
Wireless coverage area structure
Functional layers of GSM

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Introduction
Mobile communication existed half a century
ago, but it was in the 1980s that it was really
developed.

The main goal of mobile communication is to

realize communication among any objects at
any time, and in any place.

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Evolution of Mobile Communication

Major Radio Standards in North America

AMPS-1983-824-894 MHz FDMA FM 30 Khz

USDC- 1991-824-894 MHz TDMA II/4-DQPSK 30 Khz
IS95- 1993 824-894 MHz CDMA QPSK/BPSK-1.25 MHz
1.8-2.00 GHz

Major Mobile Radio Standards in Europe

ETACS 1985 900 MHz FM 25 HZ FDMA
NMT-450 1981 450-470 MHz FM 25 KHz FDMA
GSM 1990 890-960 MHz GMSK 200 KHz
Major Mobile Radio Standards in Japan

JTACS 1988 FDMA 860-925 MHz 25 KHz

PDC 1993 TDMA 810-1501 MHz II/4-DQPSK 25KHz

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Evolution of Mobile Communication

Land cellular mobile communication system
(PLMN) has gone through 3 stages:
1. First Generation ---Analog Mobile
Telephone System
2. Second Generation---Digital Mobile
Communication System
3. Third Generation---IMT-2000

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Analog Mobile Telephone System

Adopts cellular networking technology.
Currently practical, high capacity systems worldwide
includes:
1North-Americans AMPS
2North Europeans NMT-450/900
3Britains TACS

Operating frequency bands locate around 450MHz

and 900MHz with carrier spacing less than 30 kHz.

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Analog Mobile Telephone System

Analog cellular mobile communication system

has following fatal weaknesses:
A) There is no public air interface between various
systems;
B) It can not adapt itself to the digitization of fixed
networks, and digital bearer services are hard to
develop;

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C) It has a low frequency availability, thus unable to

meet large capacity requirements;
D) It has a low degree of safety, thus easy to be
eavesdropped, and easy to be copied with false
handsets.
E) Most of the Interfaces were NOT OPEN

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MULTIPLE ACCESS

Transmission

Medium

MultiplexingMultiplex Access TechnologyTransmit two or

more voice signals through one pair of cables without mutual
interference at the same time.
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FDMA

Time
USER

USER

USER

FDMA

Frequency

Each carrier frequency equals one traffic channel

Voice is transmitted continuously in time domain

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TDMA

Time

USER3
USER2
USER1

Frequency

Increase frequency spectrum efficiency

Voice is transmitted uncontinuously in time domain
System synchronous is very import

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CDMA
Code
Time
USER3
USER2
USER1

CDMA

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Frequency

Large capacity
High voice quality
Soft hand-over
Low sensitive to radio fading

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Main Features of GSM (1)

(1) Spectrum efficiency: due to the adoption of highefficiency modulator, channel coding, interleaving,
equalization and voice coding technologies, the system
has a high spectrum efficiency.
(2) Capacity: due to the increase of the transmission
bandwidth of each channel, the requirement of cochannel reuse carrier-to-interference ratio is lowered to
9dB,

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So,the cofrequency reuse mode of the GSM system

can be narrowed down to 4/12 or 3/9 or even less
(for a analog system, it is 7/21).
GSM system capacity is 3~5 times higher than that
of a TACS system.

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(3) Voice quality: due to digital transmission

technology,
GSM system has a strong antiinterference capability compared with analog system,
thus the voice quality is guaranteed.

(4) Interfaces openness: the open interfaces provided

by GSM standards refer not only to air interface (Um),
but also A interface.

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(5) Security: security is guaranteed with authentification,

encryption and TMSI.
(6) Interconnection with ISDN, PSTN, etc.:
interconnections with other networks normally use the
existing standard interfaces, such as ISUP or TUP.
(7) Roaming: roaming is realized on basis of SIM cards.

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GSM System Architecture

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Block Diagram of GSM System

OMC

Um interface
Abis interface

ISDN

B
T
S

PLMN

MSC/VLR

PSTN

MS

PSPDN

B
T
S

BSC
BSS(1)

SC

HLR/AUC

EIR

A interface
BSSn
Fig.1-1 GSM Mobile Communication Network Structure

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BSS: Base Station Subsystem

BSC: Base Station Controller
BTS: Base Transceiver Station
MSC: Mobile Services Switching Center
OMC: Operation and Maintenance Center
AUC: Authentication Center
EIR: Equipment Identification Register

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HLR: Home Location Register

VLR: Visitor Location Register
MS: Mobile Station
ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network
PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network
PSPDN: Packet Switched Public DataNetwork
PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network

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Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)

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Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)

The Network and Switching Sub-system mainly includes

switching functions of the GSM system, and database
functions used for subscriber data and mobility
management as well as safety management. It
manages the communications among GSM mobile
subscribers and those between GSM mobile
subscribers and other communication network
subscribers.

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NSS Architecture

The network sub-system is divided into six function

units:

Mobile Service Switching Center (MSC)

Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Authentification Center (AUC)
Equipment Identification Register (EIR)
Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)

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Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)

As the core of a network, MSC provides switching
functions, and connects mobile subscribers with fixed
network subscribers, or with mobile subscribers.
Thus, it provides interfaces to fixed networks (such as
PSTN, ISDN, etc.) and interfaces for interconnection
with other MSCs.

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Functions of MSC
MSC obtains all the data for processing subscriber
call requests from 3 types of databases: HLR, VLR
and AUC.
MSC can provides a series of services for subscribers:
- Telecom services, such as phone, fax, and emergency calls
- Bearer services
- Supplementary services, such as call transfer, call restriction.

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Visitor Location RegisterVLR

VLR stores all related information of mobile

subscribers having entering into its coverage area,
which enables MSC to set up incoming/outgoing calls.
It can be taken as a dynamic subscriber database.
VLR obtains and stores necessary data from the HLR
of a mobile subscriber. Once a mobile subscriber
leaves the coverage area of this VLR, it will be reregistered in another VLR, the temporarily recorded
data of this mobile subscriber stored in the original
VLR will be deleted.
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Home Location RegisterHLR

As the central database of the GSM system, HLR
stores the related data of all existing mobile
subscribers controlled by the same HLR. One HLR
can control several mobile switching areas or the
whole mobile communication network and the
important static data of all subscribers are stored in
the HLR, including MSISDN,IMSI, access
capability, subscriber type and supplementary
services. Furthermore, HLR also stores the location
information of all subscribers, so that any incoming
call is immediately sent to the called subscriber on a
selected path.

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Authentication CenterAUC
As a function unit of HLR, AUC is specially used for
security management of the GSM system.
AUC stores authentication information and
encryption keys for subscriber authentication,
encryption of voice, data, signaling messages on
radio
interfaces,
preventing
unauthorized
subscribers access and guaranteeing the safety of
mobile subscriber communication.

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Equipment Identification RegisterEIR

EIR stores the international mobile equipment
identifier (IMEI) of mobile equipment.
By checking 3 types of lists, i.e., white lists, black lists,
and gray lists, it respectively lists the mobile
equipment identifiers that are authorized, that should
be monitored in case of faults, and that are
unauthorized in case of theft.
Service operators can use such information to locate
the location of a stolen mobile station and block it.
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BSS System Architecture

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ZXG-10 BSS Structure

BTS
BIE
MS

Um interface

BIE
OMC

Abis
interface

Q3 interface

BSC

TC: TransCoder
SM: SubMultiplexing
BIE: Base station
Interface Equipment

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BTS

SM

SM TC
Ater interface

MSC
A interface

Fig.1-3 BSS Structure

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Base Station Controller (BSC)

As the control part of BSS, BSC performs the
switching function in BSS.
BSC may be connected with multiple BTSs at one
end, and MSC and OMC at the other end.
BSC mainly manages radio network and radio
resources, supervises and manages radio base
station, controls the establishment, connection and
disconnection of radio links in MS and BTS and the
location updating, hand-over and paging of mobile
station, provides functions such as voice encoding,
transcoding, rate adaptation, as well as the operation
and maintenance functions of BSS.
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Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

It is the radio tranmission part of the base station
system.
Controlled by BSC, it serves cell radio transceiver
equipment, handles conversion between BSC and
radio channels, and performs radio transmission
between BTS and MS via air interfaces as well as
related control functions.

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Mobile Station

Mobile stations are not fixed to one subscriber. On

any mobile station in the system, we can identify the
subscriber with the SIM card (Subscriber Identity
Module). The personal identification number (PIN)
can be used to prevent unauthorized use of the SIM
card.

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 Each mobile station has its own identification

number, i.e., the International Mobile Equipment
Identifier (IMEI).
IMEI mainly consists of the type permission code
and the related manufacturer product number.
Each mobile subscriber has its own international
mobile subscriber identifier (IMSI), which is stored in
the SIM card and in HLR.

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TransCoder (TC)
TC mainly completes voice conversion between the
16kbit/s RPE-LTP (Regular Pulse Excited Long-Term
Prediction) codes and 64kbit/s A-law PCM codes.
In a typical application pattern, ZXG10-TC is located
between MSC and BSC.

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Characteristics of Mobile
Communication

Mobility
flexible and convenientglobal personal
communication
Poor environment and conditions
Co-channel interference, multi-path(space
and time), power change and other noise
Multiple MS and channels
Interference near and far effect
Limit of frequency resources
Reliability is important
registration, handoff, switching
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Frequency Reuse Factor

If Frequency
reuse factor is 1;
network design
and expanding
become much
easier
Ex: CDMA

AMPS, D-AMPS, N-AMPS

1

30

1 Users

2
3
7
1
6
4
5

Vulnerability:
C/I @ 17 dB
10 kHz
Typical Frequency Reuse N=7

30

GSM
8

Users

Vulnerability:
C/I @ 12-14 dB

2
3

1
4

200 kHz
Typical Frequency Reuse N=4
Vulnerability:
Eb/No @ 6--7 dB

CDMA
20 Users

1
1

1250 kHz

1
1
1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1

Typical Frequency Reuse N=1

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Evolution of Mobile
Communication System
1G
Analog
cellular
Voice

2G

3G

Digital cellular

Digital cellular

Voice /data

Vioce / high speed data

AMPS

CDMA

1XRtt

CDMA2000

TACS

GSM

GPRS

W_CDMA

1992

1999

80

20 01

2003

AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System

TACS: Total Access Communication System
GPRS: General Packet Radio Services
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FDMA---Different user use different

frequency

FDMA

TACSAMPS

Power

TDMA---Different user use different

time slot of one frequency
GSMDAMPS

TDMA
Power

CDMA---Different user use same

frequency at the same time,but with
different spreading code
Large capacity: 8 -10 times than
AMPS and 4-6 times than GSM
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CDMA
Power

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