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Review of Phasors
Goal of phasor analysis is to simplify the analysis of constant
frequency ac systems:
v(t) = Vmax cos(wt + qv),
i(t) = Imax cos(wt + qI),
where:
v(t) and i(t) are the instantaneous voltage and current as a
function of time t,
w is the angular frequency (2f, with f the frequency in Hertz),
Vmax and Imax are the magnitudes of voltage and current sinusoids,
qv and qI are angular offsets of the peaks of sinusoids from a
reference waveform.
Root Mean Square (RMS) voltage of sinusoid:
Vmax
1
2
V
v (t ) dt
, so Vmax 2 V .
T0
2
Phasor Representation
V e jqV V qV ,
jwt jqV
v (t )
Re 2 V e
V cosqV j V sin qV ,
I cosq I j I sin q I .
Time Analysis
Phasor
Resistor
v (t ) Ri (t )
V RI
Inductor
di (t )
v(t ) L
dt
V jw LI
Capacitor
1
v (t ) i ( t )dt v (0)
C0
1
V
I
jwC
Z = Impedance R jX Z ,
R = Resistance,
X = Reactance,
Z =
R X ,
2
(Note: Z is a
complex number but
not a phasor).
=arctan .
R
6
RL Circuit Example
v (t )
f
4,
i (t )
20 2 cos(wt 6.9).
X w L 2 fL 3,
V
10030
,
Z
536.9
20 6.9 Amps,
Complex Power
Instantaneous Power :
p (t ) v(t ) i (t ),
v(t ) = Vmax cos(w t qV ),
i (t)
= I max cos(w t q I ),
1
cos cos [cos( ) cos( )],
2
1
p (t ) Vmax I max [cos(qV q I )
2
cos(2w t qV q I )].
8
Pavg
p (t )dt ,
T0
1
Vmax I max cos(qV q I ),
2
V I cos(qV q I ),
1
Vmax I max [cos(qV q I ) cos(2wt qV q I )],
2
1
Vmax I max [cos(qV q I ) cos(2wt 2qV (qV q I ))],
2
1
Vmax I max [cos(qV q I ) cos(2wt 2qV ) cos(qV q I )]
2
Instantaneous power into resistive component
1
Vmax I max sin(2wt 2qV ) sin(qV q I ),
2
Instantaneous power into electric and magnetic fields
10
Complex Power
S V I cos(qV q I ) j sin(qV q I ) ,
P jQ,
P =
Q =
=
S =
V I *,
(Note: S is a complex number but not a phasor.)
Real Power (W, kW, MW),
Reactive Power (VAr, kVAr, MVAr),
magnitude of power into electric and magnetic fields,
Complex power (VA, kVA, MVA),
11
|S|
P
2
S P Q
tan
S P jQ
1 Q
pf
P
P2 Q2
P
P
S
cos( ) pf
12
S 1 pf 2 ,
negative since
leading pf
100kW
S
117.6 kVA,
0.85
Q 117.6sin( 31.8) 62.0 kVAr.
Load consumes -62 kVAr, i.e. load supplies +62 kVAr capacitive load
13
Conservation of Power
At every node (bus) in the system:
Sum of real power into node must equal zero,
Sum of reactive power into node must equal zero.
Earlier we found
I = 20-6.9 amps
36.9
pf = 0.8 lagging,
= 1600W + j1200VAr
S R VR I ( RI ) I 4 20 6.9 206.9,
*
PR 1600W I R
(QR 0),
I X,
(PL 0).
15
PResistor I Resistor R,
Inductors only "consume" reactive power:
2
QInductor I Inductor X L ,
Capacitors only "generate" reactive power:
2
QCapacitor I Capacitor X C
QCapacitor
VCapacitor
XC
1
XC
.
wC
Example
I
First solve
basic circuit
400000 V
I
4000 Amps
1000
V 400000 (5 j 40) 4000
42000 j16000 44.920.8 kV
S V I * 44.9k20.8 4000
17.9820.8 MVA 16.8 j 6.4 MVA
17
Example, contd
Now add additional
reactive power load
and re-solve, assuming
that load voltage is
maintained at 40 kV.
Z Load 70.7
pf 0.7 lagging
I 564 45 Amps
V 59.713.6 kV
S 33.758.6 MVA 17.6 j 28.8 MVA
Need higher source voltage to maintain load voltage magnitude when
reactive power load is added to circuit. Current is higher.
18
16.0 MW
28.8 MVR
-16.0 MVR
59.7 kV
17.6 MW
28.8 MVR
Generators are
shown as circles
40.0 kV
16.0 MW
16.0 MVR
Arrows are
used to
show loads
19
Reactive Compensation
Key idea of reactive compensation is to supply reactive
power locally. In the previous example this can
be done by adding a 16 MVAr capacitor at the load.
16.8 MW
16.0 MW
6.4 MVR
0.0 MVR
44.94 kV
16.8 MW
6.4 MVR
40.0 kV
16.0 MW
16.0 MVR
16.0 MVR
Compensated circuit is identical to first example with just real power load.
Supply voltage magnitude and line current is lower with compensation.
20
33.7 kVAr
22
23
In Ia Ib Ic
V
In
(10 1 1
Z
S Van I a* Vbn I b* Vcn I c* 3 Van I a*
Note: Vxy means voltage at point x with respect to point y.
25
Advantages of 3 Power
Can transmit more power for same amount of
wire (twice as much as single phase).
Total torque produced by 3 machines is
constant, so less vibration.
Three phase machines use less material for
same power rating.
Three phase machines start more easily than
single phase machines.
26
Vbn
Vcn
V
27
Vab
Vca
-Vbn
Van
Vbn
( = 0 in this case)
Vbc
Vab
Vbc
Vca
3 V 30
3 V 90
Line to line
voltages are
also balanced.
3 V 150
28
j
6
I Line I Phase
S3
*
3 VPhase I Phase
29
Delta Connection
For Delta connection,
voltages across elements
equals line voltages
Ica
For currents
I a I ab I ca
Ic
Ib
Ibc
Iab
Ia
3 I ab
I b I bc I ab
I c I ca I bc
*
S3 3 VPhase I Phase
30
I ab
13.80 kV
138 20 amps
I ca 1380 amps
31
5.7 MVA
5.37 j1.95 MVA
pf cos 20 lagging
32
Delta-Wye Transformation
To simplify analysis of balanced 3 systems:
1) -connected loads can be replaced by
1
Y-connected loads with Z Y Z
3
2) -connected sources can be replaced by
VLine
Y-connected sources with Vphase
330
33
Z Z
Z
Hence
Vab Vca
Ia
34
Vca ZY ( I c I a )
Vab Vca ZY (2 I a I b I c )
Ia Ib Ic 0 Ia Ib Ic
Since
Vab Vca 3 ZY I a
Hence
3 ZY
Vab Vca
Z
Ia
Therefore
ZY
1
Z
3
35
36