Basics

For modal testing it is very important to understand the relationship between the
frequency response functions, structural dynamics and the modal parameters.

The frequency response function is the set of equation which is the output when
an input force is applied to an object.
Types of testing methods

Factors affecting the test setup

Supporting the structure
Exciting the structure
Transducers and mounting

Shaker
testing
There are two type of shakers used in shaker tests they are electrodynamics or electromagnetic and
electrohydraulic.

The electromagnetic are the most commonly used, the force is generated by an alternating current that drives
a magnetic coil. The frequency limit varies from 5 kHz to 20 kHz depending on the size, smaller shakers have
higher operating ranges and lower force rating.
This type of testing is generally done for heavy structures.
The main body of the shaker should be isolated from the structure to prevent any reaction forces. This can be
done by mounting the shaker on the floor and suspending the structure from above.
For lightweight structure the support system required changes the mass of the structure. This is one of the
drawbacks in this testing method. Since the mass is added, the force transducer considers this mass as that of
the structure.

Impact testing
Impact testing is another commonly used method of modal testing the structure.
Light weight structures are used in this type of testing.
It is a relatively simple technique which requires less hardware components and can take quick measurements but it
does not give consistent results.
The weight of the hammer varied from few ounces to several pounds. The stiffness of the contact surface affects the
shape of the force pulse, which in turn determines the frequency input.
The hammers tip stiffness is changed to change the frequency. Harder the tip, a shorter pulse duration is got and a high
frequency input is provided to the structure.
Windowing techniques are used to improve the accuracy of the results

Application of modal
analysis
To find the root cause of vibration problems.
To identify the modal parameters such as natural frequencies, modal shape and modal damping of structure.
So that we can understand how the structure behaves when it undergoes resonance. Gives us a visual
representation of the modal shapes.
Compare the modal analysis data with the data obtained from the theoretical methods such as FEM. This
will help us to scrutinize where there is discrepancy. This requires accurate measurement.
To create a model to understand the impact when structural modifications are done to the original structure.
This can be done by comparing the modal parameters of latter and former models. Optimize the design by
building the prototypes and modifying the dynamic behavior of the modal.
Using modal testing to determine the excitation forces.
Structural monitoring can be done by modal test methods to find out the defects or imperfections.