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SDH Principle
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Page 2
Page 3
References
Page 4
Emergence of SDH
What is SDH?
---- Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
---- It defines a standard frame structure, with a
specific multiplexing method, fixed digital rates
hierarchy and interface code pattern.
Why did SDH emerge?
---- Need for a system to process increasing
amounts of information.
---- New standard that allows interconnecting
equipment of different suppliers.
Page 5
predictable
140 Mb/s
140 Mb/s
34 Mb/s
34 Mb/s
8 Mb/s
8 Mb/s
Multiplexers
Demultiplexers
Level by level
2
Not suitable for huge-volume transmission
Headache for network planners
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Mb/s
Page 6
SDH
Electrical interfaces
Electrical interfaces
Optical interfaces
--- Can be connected to different
vendors optical transmission
equipments.
Page 7
STM-1
A
A
STM-1
B
B
4:1
STM-4
C
STM-1
D
STM-1
Page 8
PDH
Weak Operation,
Administration &
Maintenance function
SDH
Page 9
Transmit
Processing
Receive
Processing
SDH Network
Container
Container
Pack
PDH SDH ATM
STM-N
Unpack
Ethernet
Page 10
Ethernet
Comparison
Low bandwidthbetween
utilization SDH and PDH
ratio
Signal
Channels
E0
64 kbit/s
One 64 kbit/s
E1
2.048 Mbit/s
32 E0
E2
8.448 Mbit/s
128 E0
E3
34.368 Mbit/s
16 E1
E4
139.264 Mbit/s
64 E1
PDH Hierarchy
Bit Rate
Abbreviated
SDH
SDH Capacity
155.52 Mbit/s
155 Mbit/s
STM-1
63 E1, 3 E3 or 1 E4
622.08 Mbit/s
622 Mbit/s
STM-4
252 E1, 12 E3 or 4 E4
2488.32Mbit/s
2.5 Gbit/s
STM-16
1008 E1, 48 E3 or 16 E4
9953.28Mbit/s
10 Gbit/s
STM-64
SDH Hierarchy
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Page 11
Page 12
2.
3.
4.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
9 rows
270 Columns
Page 13
Three parts:
SOH
AU-Pointer
Information
Payload
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
RSOH
AU-PTR
Information
Payload
MSOH
9
270 Columns
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Page 14
9 rows
LPOH, TU-PTR
RSOH
package
9 rows
HPOH
AU-PTR
Payload
MSOH
package
LPOH, TU-PTR
9
1
270 Columns
Data
package
All rights reserved
Page 15
1.
AU-PTR
5
6
7
8
9
Information
Payload
MSOH
9 rows
270 Columns
Page 16
RSOH
4 AU-PTR
Information
Payload
MSOH
J
1
9
270 Columns
Page 17
9 rows
Mapping
Aligning
Multiplexing
Go to glossary
Page 18
1
AUG-64
STM-64
4
STM-16
4
STM-4
AUG-4
4
STM-1
AUG-16
AU-4-64c
VC-4-64c
C-4-64c
AU-4-16c
VC-4-16c
C-4-16c
AU-4-4c
VC-4-4c
C-4-4c
AU-4
VC-4
C-4
E4
signal
AUG-1
Mapping
Aligning
Multiplexing
TUG-3
TU-3
VC-3
C-3
E3 signal
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
E1 signal
7
TUG-2
Go to glossary
Page 19
C4
VC4
1
140M
Rate
adaptation
1
H
P
O
H
Add HPOH
9 Mapping
1
260
125 s
Next
9
1
125s
Page 20
261
STM-1
270
270
RSOH
Add
AU-PTR
AU-PTR
Add
SOH
AU-4
X1
9
Aligning
Multiplexing
1 STM-N
AUG-N
Add
SOH
9
AUPTR
MSOH
Page 21
Info
Payload
270X N
VC3
1
34M
Rate
Adaptation
1
L
P
O
H
Add LPOH
Next
9
1
84
9
Mapping
125s
125s
Page 22
85
TUG-3
1
86
Fill
gap
1st
align
VC-4
86
H1
H2
H3
H
P
R R
O
H
Aligning
261
R
9
Multiplexing
Page 23
Same
procedure
as 140M
TU12
VC12
C12
1 LPOH
2M
Rate
Adaptation
Add
LPOH
9
Mapping
Next
page
Add
TU-PTR
9
125s
Aligning
Page 24
TU-PTR
TUG-2
1
12
86
1
R R
X7
X3
Multiplexing
9
Same
procedure
as 34M
Multiplexing
Page 25
Questions
Page 26
Glossary
Mapping - A process used when tributaries are adapted into VCs by adding POH
information
Aligning - This process takes place when a pointer is included in a Tributary Unit (TU)
or an Administrative Unit (AU), to allow the 1st byte of the VC to be located
Multiplexing - This process is used when multiple low-order path signals are adapted
into a higher-order path signal, or when high-order path signals are adapted into aBack
Multiplexing Section
C = Container
VC = Virtual Container
TU = Tributary Unit
AU = Administrative Unit
Back
Page 27
Page 28
Overheads
Overheads
Section
Overhead
(SOH)
Regenerator
Section Overhead
(RSOH)
Path
Overhead
(POH)
Multiplex Section
Overhead
(MSOH)
Page 29
10
A1
A1
A1
A2
A2
A2
J0
J1
B1
E1
F1
B3
D1
D2
D3
C2
MSOH
AU-PTR
B2
B2
D4
B2
G1
K1
K2
F2
D5
D6
H4
D7
D8
D9
F3
D10
D11
D12
S1
M1
K3
E2
V5
N1
J2
N2
K4
LPOH: VC-11/12
Page 30
HPOH: VC-3/4
RSOH
Overheads
A1 and A2 Bytes
Framing Bytes
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
Page 31
STM-N
A1 and A2 Bytes
Frame
Find
A1,A2
over 625s
(5 frames)
OOF
over 3ms
LOF
Next
process
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
AIS
Page 32
D1 ~ D12 Bytes
Data Communications Channel (DCC) Bytes
NE
NE
NE
NE
DCC channel
TMN
Page 33
E1 and E2 Bytes
Orderwire Bytes
NE
NE
NE
NE
E1 and E2
Digital telephone channel
E1-RS, E2-MS
Page 34
B1 Byte
Bit interleaved Parity Code (BIP-8) Byte
Rx
Tx
BIP-8
A1
A2
A3
A4
00110011
11001100
10101010
00001111
B 01011010
1#STM-N
Calculate B1 = A
2#STM-N
B1 = A
2#STM-N
Calculate B1 = A
Compare A & A B1 BBE
Page 35
1#STM-N
B2 Byte
Bit interleaved Parity Code (MS BIP-24) Byte
Page 36
M1 Byte
Multiplexing Section Remote Error Indication Byte
Rx
Tx
Return M1
Generate
MS-FEBBE
MS-REI
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Page 37
I
I
I
I
P
P
WTR
WTR
P
Page 38
Start
Detect
K2 (b6b8)
110
111
Generate
MS-AIS
Generate
MS-RDI
Return
MS-RDI
Page 39
S1 Byte
Synchronization Status Message Byte (SSB): S1
Description
0000
0010
G.811 PRC
0100
1000
1011
1111
Page 40
Path Overheads
1
2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9
10
J1
B3
Path BIP-8
C2
G1
Path Status
F2
H4
TU Multiframe Indi
F3
K3
AP Switching
N1
Network Operator
Page 41
J1Byte
Detect J1
Match
HP-TIM
Page 42
B3 Byte
Path bit parity
Even parity code
Verify B3
Correct
HP-BBE
Next
process
Page 43
C2 Byte
Detect C2
the expected C2
00H
VC-n
00 H Unequipped
Match
HP-UNEQ
02 H TUG structure
04 H E3/T3 mapping into C3
Next
12 H E4 mapping into C4 process
HP-SLM
13 H ATM mapping
Insert AIS
downward
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Page 44
Path Overheads
Low Order Path Overhead
1 V5
J2
N2
K4
V5
VC-12
VC-12
VC-12
VC-12
Indicated by TU-PTR
Error checking, Signal Label and Path Status of
VC-12
b1- b2 Error Performance Monitoring (BIP-2)
9
500s VC-12 multi-frame
b3
b4
RFI)
b8
All rights reserved
Indicate
in VC-12 path (LP-RDI)
Page Defect
45
Pointers
Pointers
Bytes indicated
Administrative
Tributary
Unit Pointer
(AU-PTR)
Unit Pointer
(TU-PTR)
AU-PTR VC-4 J1
TU-PTR VC-3 J1
VC-12 V5
Page 46
AU-PTR
1
RSOH
Positive
Negative
justification justification
H1YYH2FF H3H3H3
0 --- 1--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 86
87 --- 88 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 173
MSOH
435 --- 436 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 521 125s
522 --- 523 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 608
1
RSOH
696 --- 697 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 782
H1YYH2FFH3H3H3
0 --- 1 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 86
87 --- 88 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 173
MSOH
9
1
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
435 --- 436 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 521 250s
9
270
All rights reserved
Page 47
TU-PTR
TU Multi-frame 500s
4
H1
TU POINTERS
H2
H3
VC-12
VC-12
VC-12
VC-12
VC3
V1
V2
TU POINTERS
Page 48
V3
V4
Questions
Which byte is used to report the MS-AIS and MS-RDI?
What is the mechanism for R-LOF generation?
Page 49
Summary
SDH Overview
SDH Frame Structure & Multiplexing
Methods
Overhead & Pointers
Page 50
Thank You
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