Departemen Teknik Industri

PEMODELAN SISTEM: Silabus Ringkas

Sistem dan Berpikir sistem

Konsep Sistem
Pemodelan sistem untuk pemecahan
masalah;
Proses pendefinisian masalah;
Model Deterministik

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PEMODELAN SISTEM: Silabus Ringkas

Pemodelan dengan formulasi matematik

deterministik
Analisis Model dan Validasi Model
Proyek kelas I
Pemodelan dengan formulasi matematik
stokhastik
Estimasi Parameter
Analisis
dan
validasi
model,
dan
implementasi model

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PEMODELAN SISTEM: Silabus Ringkas

Pemodelan sistem kompleks
Contoh Kasus Sistem Industri
Proyek kelas II
UAS

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TUJUAN INSTRUKSIONAL

Memberikan pengetahuan tentang pemodelan sistem

untuk pemecahan masalah (riil dalam lingkup bidang
Teknik Industri) dan pembentukan model matematik
serta implementasi model tsb.
Mampu mendefinisikan masalah, membentuk sistem
yang relevan untuk masalah, memodelkan sistem
tersebut, serta melakukan analisis dan validasi
model.

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REFERENSI

Daellenbach, H. G. and McNickle, D.C.,

Management science: Decision making

through systems thinking, Palgrave
Macmillan, New York, 2005

Murthy, D.N.P., Page, M.W., and Rodin,E.Y.,

Mathematical Modelling, Pergamon Press,

1990.
Makalah dari beberapa Jurnal Nasional dan
Internasional

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SISTEM & BERPIKIR SISTEM

Outline Kuliah:

Sistem (System)
Berpikir Sistem (Systems Thinking)
Teknik Industri Definisi, masalah khas TI,
dan Kebutuhan pendekatan komprehensif
untuk pemecahan masalah (pengambilan
keputusan)

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SYSTEMS
Definition:
A system is understood to be a whole composed of
elements that are related to each other.
The cohesion will emerge from the fact that the
elements are linked together by their relations.
Briefly defined, one might say that a system is a
collection of elements in their entirety and the
relations between them.

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SYSTEMS
A system (as defined by Ackoff) "is a
whole that cannot be divided into
independent parts without loss of its
essential properties or functions."

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I/O Model of An Open System

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SYSTEMS THINKING
Thinking about the world in term of the

concept of a system which cn be defined

as
A set of elements connected together in
an organized and inter-related way to
form a whole, this showing emergent
properties which are properties of the
whole, rather than properties of its
component parts.

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SYSTEMS THINKING
Whole as being a system nature

(Darwin)
Whole as being the entire economic
system (Keynes)
Both Darwin and Keynes conceptualized
their systems as being as large in size
(but the individual components could still
be identified and integrated into a
systematic whole).

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FOUNDATION OF SYSTEMS THINKING

Two pair of ideas form the foundation for
systems thinking:
Emergence and hierarchy
Communication and control

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Emergence and Hierarchy

Hierarchy
There exists a hierarchy of levels of
organization, each one more complex than the
one below it, each level being characterized by
emergent properties which do not exist at the
lower level.
As an illustration: Consider a human being at
the lowest level: atoms, molecules, cells; then
tissue and organs; then the bodys highly
inter-related systems e.g. the respiratory and
circulatory systems; at the highest level the
whole human.

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Hierarchy

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Emergence and Hierarchy

Emergence
The idea of emergent properties states that at
all levels a system exhibits properties that are
more than the sum of its parts.
An example: the properties of the complex
substance water (H2O) one of which is its
ability to extinguish fire are not found in
either of its molecular components Hydrogen
(which is combustible and explosive) and
Oxygen (without which combustion cannot
take place) Vyotsky, Soviet psychologist.

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Communication and control

Open systems interact with their environment:

they take in things from it system inputs and

export things to it system outputs.
The boundary determines the interface between
the system and the environment in which it
operates.
The basic concept of communication and control
in systems is that, in order to achieve its purpose
or goal and to remain in equilibrium with its
environment a system uses information about its
performance feedback to adjust its activities.

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GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY

Theory: General system theory (L.V

Bertalanffy,1951-Biologist)
Described open systems using anatomy
nomenclature
The human body, muscles, skeleton,
circulatory system, and so on, were all
described as subsystems of total
system (The human being)

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GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY

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GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY

Symbolization of the concept system

Inner-System Boundary-Outer
(Environment)
Open system vs. Closed system
Content of the system:
The complete collection of all elements
without the interrelations of these
elements being taken into consideration

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GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY

Structure of the system

Consists of the pattern of these relations

Subsystem
A partial collection of the elements of
the system

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System (Inner-Outer)

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Sub-System

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System: Relationship between Elements

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System thinking

Thinking in terms of systems -as opposed to

seeing snapshots or discrete events with little or
no interrelationship.
Peter Senge, in his bestselling book The Fifth
Discipline: describes how our mental models, or
personal paradigms, are often developed from
our tendency to break down large problems
into smaller manageable parts.
In doing this, we end up mentally isolating
events and actions, mostly because their causes
and effects are often widely separated in time
and space.

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Why we need Systems Thinking

Senge views the problem as systemic
in nature and not easily or quickly
overcome in organizations.
The core of the problem is that our
world is one of dynamic complexity, the
mastery of which cannot be achieved
by focusing on details alone without
systems fluency.

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System thinking
System thinking: Thinking in terms of

systems
System thinking: A problem methodology
approach
System thinking: Observing is viewed as
mental activity Mental Model

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System:Mental Model

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Elements and the Relations between

Elements
Elements of a system are characterised by
certain features e.g.

physical,geometrical,aesthetic,social-psychological or
economic

If a relationship exists between one or more

elements then if the characteristics of those

elements change then the other elements will
similarly change
Relations between the elements are indicated by
means of a simple line.
Relations can be in terms of technical,
economic, socio-psychological aspects.

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Aspects System
Represents a partial collection of the system

relation
There are various aspects of system e.g.
technical, economic, socio-psychological aspects
The various aspects have been connected
together by means of what are termed
interrelations (A multi-aspect system)
Interrelations are seen as the relations between
the different aspect systems distinguishable
within the original system
In a multi-aspect system: We need to put
together the partial problem analyses to form
one integral problem analysis

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Industrial Engineering (IE)

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Typical IE Questions
Is the system providing the best possible economic

return to its owners?

Are some products not economically viable? Which
ones?
Are resources being utilized appropriately? Where is
capacity excessive or inadequate?
Is the mix of resources appropriate? Are new
technologies needed?
Are the resources organized and managed properly?
Are suppliers' prices, terms, delivery, and quality
appropriate?
Are the products/services meeting customers'
needs? How could they be improved?

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Needs A Comprehensive Approach:

Systems Modelling

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What Does IE Do?

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Multi-Aspect System: 3 Independent Aspects

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Integrated System

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Multi-Disciplinary Approach
A mono-disciplinist is seen as someone

with specialist knowledge in the area of a

single mono-discipline (He will only be
able to construe a mono-aspect view)
With increasing complexity of technical
system and increase in the number of
relevant aspects This needs A MultiDisciplinary Approach
A Multi-Disciplinary Approach demands
integrative skills from the problem
solver or project manager

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Example-1: Multi Disciplinary Approach

For A Multi-Aspect Problem

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Example-2: Multi Disciplinary Approach

For A Multi-Aspect Problem

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Example-3: An Interdisciplinary Approach

For A Multi-Aspect Problem

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

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MOTIVATION
Telephone betting
Vehicle scheduling
Feed Mix Production
The Deep Cove Project
Breast Cancer Screening

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SYSTEMS THINKING
What do all these problem situations have
in common?
Deal with a decision problem
Solution to the problem is not obvious;
the problem situation is complex
The interaction between various elements
are of degree of complexity
The setting within which problems exist
are systems

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TUGAS BACA

Daellenbach, H. G., Systems and Decision

Making, John Wiley & Sons, ChichesterEngland, 1994.

Baca :
Chapter 2:Systems thinking
Chapter 3:Systems concepts
Diskusi akan dilakukan pada:
Kuliah berikutnya