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1
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Introduction
Chopper is a static device.
A variable dc voltage is obtained from a
constant dc voltage source.
Also known as dc-to-dc converter.
Widely used for motor control.
Also used in regenerative braking.
Thyristor converter offers greater efficiency,
faster response, lower maintenance, smaller
size and smooth control.
2
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Principle Of
Step-down Chopper
Chopper
i0
V0
4
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
v0
V
Vdc
t
tON
tOFF
i0
V/R
Idc
t
T
6
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Vdc V
tON tOFF
tON
Vdc V
V .d
T
tON
but
t
d duty cycle
tON
v dt
2
o
9
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
tON
V
dt
tON
V
VO
tON
.V
T
T
VO d .V
10
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Output power PO VO I O
VO
But
IO
R
Output power
2
O
V
PO
R
2
dV
PO
R
11
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Methods Of Control
The output dc voltage can be varied by the
following methods.
Pulse width modulation control or constant
frequency operation.
Variable frequency control.
13
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
14
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
V0
V
tON
tOFF
t
T
V0
V
t
tON
tOFF
15
v0
V
tON
tOFF
t
T
v0
V
tON
tOFF
t
T
17
Step-down Chopper
With R-L Load
Chopper
i0
+
R
FWD
V0
L
E
18
v0
Output
voltage
V
tON
i0
tOFF
T
Imax
Output
current
Imin
Continuous
current
i0
t
Output
current
Discontinuous
current
t
21
Expressions For
Load Current
iO For Continuous Current Operation
When
Chopper Is ON (0 t tON)
22
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
i0
+
R
V0
L
E
-
23
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
diO
V iO R L
E
dt
Taking Laplace Transform
V
E
RI O S L S .I O S iO 0
S
S
At t 0, initial current iO 0 I min
I min
V E
IO S
R
R
LS S S
L
L
24
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
t
V E
L
L
iO t
1 e
I min e
R
initial current iO 0
max
27
I max
E
IO S
R
R
S
LS S
L
L
R
t
L
E
1 e
R
R
t
L
28
At
R
R
t
V E
L
L
iO t
1 e
I min e
R
t tON dT , iO t I max
I max
V E
1 e
R
dRT
I min e
dRT
30
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
From equation
iO t I max e
At
R
t
L
E
1 e
R
R
t
L
1 d RT
E
L
I min I max e
1 e L
R
1 d RT
I max
V E
1 e
R
I max
dRT
V 1 e L
RT
R
1 e L
dRT
L
I min e
dRT
L
we get,
E
R
32
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
1 d RT
L
1 d RT
E
1 e L
R
we get,
V e 1 E
I min
RT
R
R L
e 1
I max I min is known as the steady state ripple.
dRT
L
33
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
I .t
for 0 t tON dT
dT
I max I min
iO I min
t
dT
35
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
I O RMS
I O RMS
dT
dT
dT
dT
dT
dT
2
i
0 dt
0
I max I min t
I min
dt
dT
2
2
I max I min 2 2 I min I max I min t
I min
dt
t
dT
dT
36
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
I max I min
I O RMS I min
I min I max I min
3
I CH
I CH
dT
dT
1
2
i dt
2
0
I max I min
0 I min dT
t dt
37
I max I min
d I min
I min I max I min
3
I CH
I CH d I O RMS
Effective input resistance is
V
Ri
IS
38
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
1
2
Where
I S Average source current
I S dI dc
V
Ri
dI dc
39
L
+
D
+
V
Chopper
L
O
A
D
VO
40
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
dI
VO V L
i.e., VO V
dt
42
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
VItON VO V ItOFF
VO
V tON tOFF
tOFF
T
VO V
T tON
Where
T = Chopping period or period
of switching.
46
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
T tON tOFF
1
VO V
tON
1
T
1
VO V
1 d
tON
Where d
duty cyle
T
47
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
48
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Performance Parameters
The thyristor requires a certain minimum time to
turn ON and turn OFF.
Duty cycle d can be varied only between a min.
& max. value, limiting the min. and max. value
of the output voltage.
Ripple in the load current depends inversely on
the chopping frequency, f.
To reduce the load ripple current, frequency
should be as high as possible.
49
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Problem
A Chopper circuit is operating on TRC at a
frequency of 2 kHz on a 460 V supply. If the
load voltage is 350 volts, calculate the
conduction period of the thyristor in each
cycle.
50
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Output voltage
f = 2 kHz
1
T
f
1
T
0.5 m sec
3
2 10
tON
Vdc
V
T
51
Problem
Input to the step up chopper is 200 V. The
output required is 600 V. If the conducting time
of thyristor is 200 sec. Compute
Chopping frequency,
If the pulse width is halved for constant
frequency of operation, find the new output
voltage.
53
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
T tON
T
600 200
6
T 200 10
Solving for T
T 300 s
54
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Chopping frequency
1
f
T
1
f
3.33KHz
6
300 10
Pulse width is halved
tON
200 10
100 s
55
Frequency is constant
f 3.33KHz
1
T 300 s
f
T
Output voltage = V
T tON
300 106
200
300
Volts
6
300
100
10
56
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Problem
A dc chopper has a resistive load of 20 and
input voltage VS = 220V. When chopper is ON,
its voltage drop is 1.5 volts and chopping
frequency is 10 kHz. If the duty cycle is 80%,
determine the average output voltage and the
chopper on time.
57
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Chopper ON time,
tON dT
Chopping period,
1
T
f
1
3
T
0.110 secs 100 secs
3
10 10
Chopper ON time,
tON dT
tON 0.80 0.110
Problem
In a dc chopper, the average load current is
30 Amps, chopping frequency is 250 Hz, supply
voltage is 110 volts. Calculate the ON and
OFF periods of the chopper if the load
resistance is 2 ohms.
60
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
I dc
R
I dc R 30 2
d
0.545
V
110
61
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Chopper ON period,
3
tOFF 4 10 2.18 10
Chopper
i0
R v0
11.88 Amps
R
10
V
V
200
Ri
16.83
I S I dc 11.88
Output power is
1
PO
T
dT
2
0
v
1
dt
R
T
dT
V Vch
R
dt
66
d V Vch
PO
R
0.6 200 2
PO
10
2352.24 watts
Input power,
1
Pi
T
1
PO
T
dT
Vi dt
O
V V Vch
0 R dt
dT
67
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
dV V Vch
PO
R
0.6 200 200 2
PO
2376 watts
10
Chopper efficiency,
PO
100
Pi
2352.24
100 99%
2376
68
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Problem
A chopper is supplying an inductive load with a
free-wheeling diode. The load inductance is 5 H
and resistance is 10.. The input voltage to the
chopper is 200 volts and the chopper is operating
at a frequency of 1000 Hz. If the ON/OFF time
ratio is 2:3. Calculate
Maximum and minimum values of load current
in one cycle of chopper operation.
Average load current
69
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
tOFF 3
tON
2
tOFF
3
70
T tON tOFF
2
T tOFF tOFF
3
5
T tOFF
3
tOFF
3
T
5
3
3
T 110 0.6 msec
5
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
71
tON T tOFF
tON 1 0.6 103 0.4 msec
Duty cycle,
3
tON 0.4 10
d
0.4
3
T
110
Maximum value of load current is given by
V 1 e
RT
R
1 e L
I max
dRT
L
E
R
72
I max
dRT
V 1 e L
RT
R
1 e L
I max
200 1 e
101103
10
1 e 5
0.4101103
73
1 e
20
2103
1 e
8.0047A
0.8103
I max
I max
dRT
V e L 1
RT
R
L
e
1
74
200 e
1
I min
7.995
A
3
10 101510
e
1
Average load current
I max I min
I dc
2
8.0047 7.995
I dc
8 A
2
0.4101103
5
75
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Problem
A chopper feeding on RL load is shown in
figure, with V = 200 V, R = 5, L = 5 mH,
f = 1 kHz, d = 0.5 and E = 0 V. Calculate
Maximum and minimum values of load
current.
Average value of load current.
RMS load current.
Effective input resistance as seen by source.
RMS chopper current.
76
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
V = 200 V, R = 5 , L = 5 mH,
f = 1kHz, d = 0.5, E = 0
Chopping period is
1
1
3
T
110 secs
3
f 110
Chopper
i0
+
R
FWD
L
E
v0
77
I max
I max
dRT
V 1 e L E
RT
R
R
1 e L
3
0.5
10
5103
200 1 e
51103
5
1 e 5103
1 e0.5
40
24.9 A
1
1 e
78
I min
I min
dRT
L
V e 1 E
RT
R
R L
e 1
3
0.5
10
3
200 e 510
1
0
3
5110
5
e 5103 1
e0.5 1
40 1
15.1 A
e 1
79
I dc
20 A
2
RMS load current is given by
1
2
I O RMS
2
2
I max I min
I min
I min I max I min
3
80
24.9 15.1
2
15.1
15.1 24.9 15.1
3
I O RMS
1
2
96.04
I O RMS 228.01
147.98 20.2 A
3
1
2
Classification Of Choppers
Choppers are classified as
Class A Chopper
Class B Chopper
Class C Chopper
Class D Chopper
Class E Chopper
83
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Class A Chopper
i0
v0
Chopper
V
FWD
L
O
A
D
v0 V
i0
84
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
ig
Thyristor
gate pulse
t
i0
Output current
CH ON
t
FWD Conducts
v0
Output voltage
tON
t
T
87
Class B Chopper
D
i0
v0
+
R
L v0
V
Chopper
i0
88
ig
Thyristor
gate pulse
t
i0
tOFF
tON
T
Output current
Imax
Imin
v0
D
conducts Chopper
conducts
Output voltage
t
91
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
92
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
V E
iO t
1 e
R
At t tOFF
R
t
L
I min e
R
t
L
0 t tOFF
iO t I max
V E
1 e
R
I max
I min e
LdiO
0
RiO E
dt
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
R
tOFF
L
94
R
t
L
E
1 e
R
At t tON
I min I max e
R
tON
L
iO t I min
R
t
L
E
1 e
R
R
tON
L
0 t tON
95
Class C Chopper
CH1
D1
i0
v0
V
CH2
D2
L v0
Chopper
E
i0
96
ig1
Gate pulse
of CH1
t
ig2
Gate pulse
of CH2
t
i0
Output current
t
D1
CH1
ON
D2
CH2
ON
D1
CH1
ON
V0
D2
CH2
ON
Output voltage
t
100
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Class D Chopper
v0
CH1
D2
R i0
V
+
v0
D1
i0
CH2
101
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
103
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
ig1
Gate pulse
of CH1
t
ig2
Gate pulse
of CH2
t
i0
Output current
v0
CH1,CH2
ON
t
D1,D2 Conducting
Output voltage
V
Average v0
t
104
ig1
Gate pulse
of CH1
t
ig2
Gate pulse
of CH2
t
i0
Output current
CH1
CH2
t
D1, D2
v0
Output voltage
V
Average v0
t
105
Class E Chopper
CH1
i0
CH3
D1
R
+
CH2
v0
D2
D3
CH4
D4
106
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
CH2 - D4 Conducts
D1 - D4 Conducts
CH1 - CH4 ON
CH4 - D2 Conducts
i0
CH3 - CH2 ON
CH2 - D4 Conducts
D2 - D3 Conducts
CH4 - D2 Conducts
107
112
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Problem
For the first quadrant chopper shown in figure,
express the following variables as functions of V,
R and duty cycle d in case load is resistive.
Average output voltage and current
Output current at the instant of commutation
Average and RMS free wheeling diode current.
RMS value of output voltage
RMS and average thyristor currents.
113
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
i0
Chopper
V
FWD
+
L
O
A
D
v0
114
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
tON
Average output voltage, Vdc
V dV
T
Vdc dV
Average output current, I dc
R
R
The thyristor is commutated at the instant t tON
V
output current at the instant of commutation is
R
since V is the output voltage at that instant.
115
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
tON
v dt
2
0
vO V during tON
116
VO RMS
VO RMS
tON
V
dt
tON
V
T
2
VO RMS dV
tON
Where duty cycle, d
T
117
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
VO RMS
R
dV
R
Average value of thyristor current
= Average value of load current
dV
R
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
118
Impulse
Commutated Chopper
Impulse commutated choppers are widely used
in high power circuits where load fluctuation is
not large.
This chopper is also known as
Parallel capacitor turn-off chopper
Voltage commutated chopper
Classical chopper.
119
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
T1
LS
+
iT1
IL
C
_
b
T2
FWD
iC
VS
D1
+
L
O
A
D
vO
_
120
Mode-1 Operation
T1
LS
+
IL
+
VC
_C
iC
VS
L
D1
L
O
A
D
_
123
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Thyristor T1 is fired at t = 0.
The supply voltage comes across the load.
Load current IL flows through T1 and load.
At the same time capacitor discharges through
T1, D1, L1, & C and the capacitor reverses its
voltage.
This reverse voltage on capacitor is held
constant by diode D1.
124
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
LC
& Capacitor Voltage
VC t V cos t
125
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Mode-2 Operation
IL
+
LS
VC
VS
IL
C
T2
L
O
A
D
_
126
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
130
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Mode-3 Operation
IL
+
LS
VS
IL
_C
T2
VS
FWD
L
O
A
D
_
131
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
LS
sin S t
C
Where
1
LS C
133
Mode-4 Operation
LS
+
IL
+
VC
_C
L
O
A
D
D1
VS
L
FWD
134
Mode-5 Operation
IL
FWD
L
O
A
D
ic
Capacitor Current
IL
0
Ip
iT1
IL
t
Ip
Current through T1
t
137
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
vT1
Voltage across T1
Vc
0
vo
Vs+Vc
Output Voltage
Vs
vc
Vc
t
Capacitor Voltage
-Vc
tc
td
138
Disadvantages
A starting circuit is required and the starting
circuit should be such that it triggers thyristor
T2 first.
Load voltage jumps to almost twice the supply
voltage when the commutation is initiated.
The discharging and charging time of
commutation capacitor are dependent on the
load current and this limits high frequency
operation, especially at low load current.
139
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
140
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT